The elevational pattern of soil microbial diversity along mountain slopes has received considerable interest over the last decade. An increasing amount taxonomic data on community composition elevation gradients have been collected, however trophic patterns and environmental drivers changes remain largely unclear. Here, we examined distribution major bacterial fungal taxa northern slope Changbai Mountain, Northeast China, at five typical vegetation types located between 740 2691 m above sea...

We consider networks consisting of nodes with radios, and without any wired infrastructure, thus necessitating all communication to take place only over the shared wireless medium. The main focus this paper is on effect fading in such networks. examine attenuation regime where either medium absorptive, a situation which generally prevails, or path loss exponent greater than 3. study transport capacity, defined as supremum set feasible rate vectors distance weighted sum rates. two assumption...

In recent years there has been significant and increasing interest in ad hoc wireless networks. The design, analysis deployment of such networks necessitate a fundamental understanding how much information transfer they can support, as well what the appropriate architectures protocols are for operating them. This monograph addresses these questions by presenting various models results that quantify transport capability networks, shed light on architecture design from high level point view....

Network coding for two-way relaying in a three-node network is considered. The achievable rate regions under both traditional four-slot multi-hopping (FSMH) and (MAC-XOR) are characterized, showing combination between the two needed larger region. This accomplished by an opportunistic scheduling which requires minimal information. Queuing analysis shows that any pair of random Poisson arrivals with rates within convex hull FSMH MAC-XOR stabilizable. Next we consider how traffic pattern,...

A half-duplex relay channel consisting of two relays in a diamond topology is studied. In contrast to full-duplex systems, it shown that time should be optimally allocated among different states. the classical three-node channel, spatial reuse can utilized allow communication without interference. Both achievable rate and upper bound on capacity are Several schemes such as multihop with reuse, scale-forward, broadcast-multiaccess common message, compress-forward, well hybrid ones...

The spatial pattern of forests impacts on biodiversity, stability and sustainability forest ecosystems. Afforestation reforestation projects have massively increased forested areas the Chinese Loess Plateau, however, new old forests, as well their interaction, remains unknown. Here we study spatiotemporal dynamics for period 2001–2016, found that 84.21% existed throughout period. Moreover, core (defined a area which is surrounded by other areas) significantly (2585 km2 yr−1, in total 39, 597...

Abstract The Loess Plateau in China is prone to widespread land degradation (soil erosion, deforestation, and water loss), therefore, ecological restoration programmes aiming re‐establish the ecosystem by revegetation have been implemented during recent decades. Consequently, a increase vegetation cover has reported, but state dynamics of forests remain largely unknown. Here, we used field satellite data produce annual forest probability scores at 250 × m between 2001 2016. We classified...

Abstract Background Soil microbial communities cope with an imbalanced supply of resources by adjusting their element acquisition and utilization strategies. Although soil pH has long been considered essential driver growth community composition, little is known about how acidification affects carbon (C) nitrogen (N). To close the knowledge gap, we simulated created a gradient adding eight levels elemental sulfur (S) to in meadow steppe. Results We found that S-induced strongly enhanced...

SIGNIFICANCE This study will enhance our understanding of the effects orthokeratology lens design on corneal profile, results which may be useful in developing future designs. PURPOSE aimed to evaluate effect power distribution after using mathematical methods. METHODS Sixty-five subjects were enrolled this prospective and assigned four groups: Euclid with 6.2-mm back optic zone diameter (aged <14 years), ≥14 double tear reservoir 5.0-mm diameter, 6.0-mm diameter. Manifest refraction...

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between change in spatial corneal power distribution and axial length (AL) elongation during orthokeratology (Ortho-k) treatment using mathematical methods. Methods: Seventy-six subjects aged from eight to 13 years were fitted with Paragon CRT ortho-k lenses. Manifest refraction topography checked at baseline one day, week, two weeks, month, three months, six nine year after lens wear. AL was measured six-month one-year follow-up visits. Relative...

This paper proposes a novel combination of network coding and channel for two-receiver Gaussian broadcast under practical modulation. We assume that one receiver may know the message other receiver, called side information (SI). models relaying in dense wireless networks where destination nodes have received packets intended previous transmissions. Four cases are considered: i) both receivers SI; ii) only weak has iii) strong iv) neither SI. propose simple adaptive scheme combines with...

To analyze the changes in visual performance and optical quality after orthokeratology (ortho-k) treatment its correlation with magnitude of lens decentration diameter zone (TxZ).A prospective study was conducted 27 eyes patients wearing ortho-k contact lens. Area under log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF), modulation transfer cutoff values (MTFcutoff), Strehl ratio (SR), objective scattering index (OSI) were measured compared before 1 month treatment. Refractive sphere, astigmatism,...

The confluence of 5G and AI is transforming wireless networks to deliver diverse services at the edge, driving toward a vision pervasive distributed intelligence. Future 6G will need quality experience through seamless integration communication, computation, AI. Therefore, must become intelligent, distributed, scalable, programmable platforms across continuum data delivery address ever increasing service requirements deployment complexity. We present novel results three research directions...

Purpose: To study the pachymetry map of corneal epithelium in children wearing orthokeratology lenses automatically generated by a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography.Materials and Method: The was conducted on 60 who had been fitted with myopic lenses. Patients were divided into two groups according to duration OK lens treatment (group 1: ≤14 days, n = 28; group 2: >14 32). control consisted 44 children. An FD-OCT device module used central 6-mm epithelial thickness. thickness three...

Wireless planar networks have been used to model wireless in a tradition that dates back 1961 the work of E. N. Gilbert. Indeed, study connected components was motivation for his pioneering spawned modern field continuum percolation theory. Given node locations are not known, random modeling can be provide preliminary assessments important quantities such as range, number neighbors, power consumption, and connectivity, issues spatial reuse capacity. In this paper, problem connectivity based...

Abstract There is a limited understanding of agricultural land dynamics across global drylands and the impacts transitions between cover on net primary productivity (NPP) changes. This study attempted to fill this gap by examining changes NPP responses in drylands. A data‐driven assessment effects individual displacement was carried out using three methods: mean difference method, newly introduced ridge‐regression proposed method based actual change excluding climate impact. Increases were...

This paper considers the problem of communicating private messages over Gaussian broadcast channels with receiver message side information and proposes a separate physical network coding strategy that combines layered codes linear index codes. Though generally suboptimal, proposed scheme is shown to achieve capacity region channel within one bit per user less or equal three users for any given parameters configuration.