Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified his collaborators successors, is still in widespread use. It widely used teaching school undergraduate courses on climate. also regular use researchers across a range disciplines as basis for climatic regionalisation variables assessing output global models. Here we have produced new map using Köppen-Geiger system based large data set long-term monthly precipitation...

Introducing the Medium. How to Study a Stream. Potential Sources of Data (How Avoid Reinventing Weir). Getting Know Your Have Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. Water at Rest in Motion. Patterns Shifting Sands. Dissecting with Statistical Scope. Putting It All Together: Stream Classification Management. Appendices. References. Index.

Arguments based on elastic stability and flexure, as opposed to the more conventional ones yield strength, require that living organisms adopt forms whereby lengths increase (2/3) power of diameter. The somatic dimensions several species animals a wide variety trees fit this rule well. It is simple matter show energy metabolism during maximal sustained work depends body cross-sectional area, not total surface area proposed by Rubner (1) many after him. This result requiring animal...

Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified his collaborators successors, is still in widespread use. It widely used teaching school undergraduate courses on climate. also regular use researchers across a range disciplines as basis for climatic regionalisation variables assessing output global models. Here we have produced new map using Köppen-Geiger system based large data set long-term monthly precipitation...

This paper presents an evaluation of several automated techniques concerned with base flow separation and recession analyses. Two were considered, one based on a digital filter the other simple smoothing rules. A comparison between two commonly used analyses, correlation method matching strip method, was also undertaken. The relative performances evaluated using results obtained from daily streamflow records 186 catchments in southeastern Australia. work described this undertaken within...

We analyze the degree of spatial organization soil moisture and ability terrain attributes to predict that organization. By we mean systematic variation or consistent patterns. use 13 observed patterns moisture, each based on over 500 point measurements, from 10.5 ha Tarrawarra experimental catchment in Australia. The measured exhibit a high during wet periods owing surface subsurface lateral redistribution water. During dry there is little shape distribution function changes seasonally...

ABSTRACT Trotting and hopping animals use muscles, tendons ligaments to store return elastic energy as they bounce along the ground. We examine how musculoskeletal spring system operates at different speeds in of sizes. model trotting a simple spring-mass which consists leg mass. find that stiffness (kleg) is nearly independent speed dogs, goats, horses red kangaroos. As these trot or hop faster, sweeps greater angle during stance phase, vertical excursion center mass ground contact phase...

Abstract. This guide to estimating daily and monthly actual, potential, reference crop pan evaporation covers topics that are of interest researchers, consulting hydrologists practicing engineers. Topics include actual from deep lakes farm dams for catchment water balance studies, potential as input rainfall-runoff models, evapotranspiration small irrigation areas, within large districts. Inspiration this arose in response the authors' experiences reviewing research papers reports where...

Future directions for physically based, distributed‐parameter models intended use as hydrologic components of sediment and nutrient transport are discussed. The attraction these is their potential to provide information about the flow characteristics at points within catchments, but current representations in process‐based often too crude enable accurate, a priori application predictive problems. difficulties relate both perception model capabilities fundamental assumptions algorithms used...

Many parameters of gait and performance, including stride frequency, length, maximum speed, rate O2 uptake are experimentally found to be power-law functions body weight in running quadrupeds. All these reasonably easy measure except where the question arises whether one means top sprinting speed or for sustained running. Moreover, differences training motivation make comparisons difficult. The problem is circumvented by comparing animals at transition between trotting galloping, a...

An important determinant of the mechanics running is effective vertical stiffness body. This increases with speed. At any one speed, may be reduced in a controlled fashion by knees bent more than usual. In series experiments, subjects ran both normal and flexed postures on treadmill. other they down runway over force platform. Results show that reduces diminishes transmission mechanical shock from foot to skull but requires an increase as much 50% rate O2 consumption. A new dimensionless...

The stride frequency at which animals of different size change from one gait to another (walk, trot, gallop) changes in a regular manner with body mass. speed the transition trot gallop can be used as an equivalent for comparing size. This point occurs lower speeds and higher frequencies smaller animals. Plotting trot-gallop function mass logarithmic coordinates yields straight line.

ABSTRACT The energetic cost of generating muscular force was studied by measuring the carrying loads in rats, dogs, humans, and horses for ranging between 7 27 % body mass. Oxygen consumption increased direct proportion to mass supported muscles, i.e. where is oxygen animal running with a load, at same speed without mL plus m animal. Stride frequency, average number feet on ground over an integral strides, time contact each foot relative other feet, vertical acceleration during phase were...

Mammals use the elastic components in their legs (principally tendons, ligaments, and muscles) to run economically, while maintaining consistent support mechanics across various surfaces. To examine how leg stiffness metabolic cost are affected by changes substrate stiffness, we built experimental platforms with adjustable fit on a force-plate-fitted treadmill. Eight male subjects [mean body mass: 74.4 ± 7.1 (SD) kg; length: 0.96 0.05 m] ran at 3.7 m/s over five different surface stiffnesses...

THALES, a simple distributed parameter hydrologic model is presented and applied to two catchments in Australia the United States, each with different dominant responses. The simulates Hortonian overland flow runoff from saturated source areas used identify some of barriers modeling hydrology small catchments. At Wagga New South Wales, Australia, produced areas, whereas on Lucky Hills at Walnut Gulch Arizona, processes dominate. Simulations are based published parameters field data measured...