Locomotion relies on vision, somatosensory input, and vestibular information. Both vision signals have been shown to be phase dependently modulated during locomotion; however, the regulation of information has not investigated in humans. By delivering galvanic stimulation (GVS) subjects at either heel contact, mid-stance, or toe-off, it was possible investigate when important gait cycle. The results indicated a difference upper versus lower body control. Upper responses GVS applied different...

It has been known for some time that populations of cutaneous and muscle afferents can provide short-latency facilitation motoneuron pools. Recently, it shown the input from individual low-threshold mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin hand modulate ongoing activity muscles acting on fingers via spinally mediated pathways. We have extended this work to examine whether such strong synaptic coupling exists between tactile sole foot motoneurons supplying act about ankle. recorded 53...

Across the foot sole, there are vibration and monofilament sensory differences despite an alleged even distribution of cutaneous afferents. Mechanical property across sole sites have been proposed to account for these differences. Vibration (VPT; 3 Hz, 40 250 Hz), (MF) perception threshold measurements were compared with skin hardness, epidermal thickness, stretch response five locations in young healthy adults (n = 22). Perceptual thresholds expected correlate all mechanical help address...

To characterize injuries (on the basis of type and severity injury affected region body) among dogs participating in agility training competition events examine associations between characteristics perceived causes injury.Internet-based, retrospective, cross-sectional survey.3,801 privately owned or trials.A retrospective electronic survey was developed to investigate demographic factors for handlers, frequency participation competition, acquired by during agility-related activities....

To identify potential risk factors for agility-related injuries among dogs.Internet-based, retrospective, cross-sectional survey.3,801 privately owned dogs participating in agility training or trials.A retrospective electronic survey was used to investigate injury activities. Respondents were handlers recruited through member lists of large canine associations Canada and the United Kingdom promotion on an blog site. Variables evaluated included demographic information dogs, exposure...

Muscle spindles provide exquisitely sensitive proprioceptive information regarding joint position and movement. Through passively driven length changes in the muscle-tendon unit (MTU), muscle detect rotations because of their in-parallel mechanical linkage to fascicles. In human microneurography studies, fascicles are assumed follow MTU and, as such, fascicle is not measured such studies. However, under certain conditions, compliant structures can act decouple fascicles, therefore, spindles,...

Electrotactile stimulation is a çmethod of activating the tactile system by bypassing cutaneous mechanoreceptors and exciting afferent endings directly. This method interest for its potential in wearable augmentation technologies. The generation meaningful electrotactile sensation could benefit cases peripheral neuropathy or prosthesis. There are limitations our understanding an stimulations' capacity to represent sensibilities, susceptibility missense. spatiotemporal parameters sequence...

Skin sensory input from the foot soles is coupled with vestibular to facilitate body orientation in a gravitational environment. Anecdotal observations suggest that sole skin becomes hypersensitive following space flight. The veritable level of sensitivity and its impact on postural disequilibrium observed post flight have not been documented. astronauts (n = 11) was measured as vibration perception at great toe, fifth metatarsal heel. Frequencies targeted four classes receptors: 3 25 Hz for...

Perceptual thresholds are known to vary across the foot sole, despite a reported even distribution in cutaneous afferents. Skin mechanical properties have been proposed account for these differences; however, direct relationship between sole afferent firing, perceptual threshold, and skin has not previously investigated. Using technique of microneurography, we recorded monofilament firing afferents associated sole. In addition, receptive field hardness measurements were taken investigate...

It has previously been shown that cutaneous sensory input from across a broad region of skin can influence proprioception at joints the hand. The present experiment tested whether different regions foot ankle joint. ability to passively match joint position (17° and 7° plantar flexion dorsiflexion) was measured while vibration applied sole (heel, distal metatarsals) or dorsum target foot. Vibration two frequencies preferentially activate Meissner's corpuscles (45 Hz, 80 μm) Pacinian (255 10...

Single unit microneurography was used to record the firing characteristics of four classes foot sole cutaneous afferents [fast and slowly adapting type I II (FAI, FAII, SAI, SAII)] in response sinusoidal vibratory stimuli. Frequency (3–250 Hz) amplitude (0.001–2 mm) combinations were applied afferent receptive fields through a 6-mm diameter probe. The impulses per cycle, defined as number action potentials evoked vibration sine wave, measured over 1 s at each frequency-amplitude combination...

Skin on the foot sole plays an important role in postural control. Cooling skin of is often used to induce anesthesia determine motor and balance The effect cooling four classes mechanoreceptor largely unknown, thus aim present study was characterize effects individual receptors sole. Such insight will better isolate receptor contributions Using microneurography, we recorded 39 single nerve afferents innervating mechanoreceptors humans. Afferents were identified as fast-adapting (FA) or...

While walking and maintaining balance, humans rely on cutaneous feedback from the foot sole. Electrophysiological recordings reveal how this tactile is represented in neural afferent populations, but obtaining them difficult limited to stationary conditions. We developed FootSim model, a realistic replication of mechanoreceptor activation lower limb. The model simulates spiking responses arbitrary mechanical stimuli combined population all four types mechanoreceptors innervating It considers...

Introduction The foot sole endures high magnitudes of pressure for sustained periods which results in transient but habitual cutaneous ischemia. Upon unloading, microvascular reactivity capillaries generates an influx blood flow (PORH: post-occlusive reactive hyperemia). Whether induced ischemia from loading the impacts mechanoreceptor sensitivity remains unknown. Methods Pressure was attained using a custom-built-loading device that applied load to whole right at 2 (15 or 50% body weight),...

We have shown for the first time that single cutaneous afferents in foot dorsum significant reflex coupling to motoneurons supplying muscles upper limb, particularly posterior deltoid and triceps brachii. These observations strengthen what we know from whole nerve stimulation, skin on ankle can contribute modulation of interlimb distant innervation territories. The current work provides evidence mechanism behind reflex, where one afferent evoke a response, rather than population. Nineteen...