Hydrometallurgy lies at the heart of many industrial processes and is source a large volume aqueous waste. Treating dilute streams acidic basic by-products both energy chemical intensive, one largest sources metal-based emissions into environment. Over past decade, numerous studies have been made use ionic liquids for metal dissolution, extraction recovery. This article critically reviews potential efficacy these methods signposts areas where further research needed.

Here we describe for the first time electrolytic deposition of copper and composites from a solution metal chloride salt in either urea-choline chloride, or ethylene glycol-choline based eutectics. We show that kinetics thermodynamics are quite unlike those aqueous under comparable conditions ion complexation is also different. The mechanism nucleation studied using chronoamperometry it shown progressive leads to bright nano-structured deposit. In contrast, instantaneous nucleation, at lower...

Electroplating is a key technology in many large-scale industrial applications such as corrosion-resistant and decorative coatings. Issues with current aqueous processes, toxicity of reagents low efficiencies, can often be overcome by using ionic liquids, this approach has turned ionometallurgy into fast-growing area research. This review outlines the interactions liquids that are responsible for advantageous properties these solvents electroplating. It summarizes recent research which have...

The speciation of metals in solution controls their reactivity, and this is extremely pertinent the area metal salts dissolved ionic liquids. In current study, 25 investigated four deep eutectic solvents (DESs) five imidazolium-based liquids using extended X-ray absorption fine structure. It shown that diol-based DESs MI ions form [MCl2]− [MCl3]2– complexes, while all MII [MCl4]2– with exception NiII, which exhibits a very unusual coordination by glycol molecules. This was also found crystal...

Silver is an important metal for electronic connectors, however, it extremely soft and wear can be a significant issue. This paper describes how improved resistant silver coatings obtained from the electrolytic deposition of solution AgCl in ethylene glycol/choline chloride based Deep Eutectic Solvent. An up to 10-fold decrease volume observed by incorporation SiC or Al(2)O(3) particles. The work also addresses fundamental aspect speciation using EXAFS probe structure. size but not nature...

The first electrochemical series in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) is described. Speciation resulting from the unusual chemistry of choline chloride based DES used to explain both similarities and differences aqueous media. We give examples how these can be exploited technologically important systems.

The electrodeposition of zinc has been studied in two deep eutectic solvents. Unlike the metals to date these liquids, is not mass transport limited and morphology deposit differs liquids. This study shows that changing concentration solute affects physical properties liquid different extents although this found effect metal deposited. EXAFS was used show speciation same both Double layer capacitance studies showed differences between liquids are proposed be due adsorption a species on...

The electrodeposition of chromium is a technologically vital process, which principally carried out using aqueous chromic acid. In the current study, it shown that eutectic mixtures urea and hydrated chromium(III) chloride provide liquid reduces toxicological issues associated with Cr(VI) electroplating solution. Using EXAFS, mass spectrometry UV-Vis spectroscopy, present predominantly as cationic species. Conductivities are higher than for most comparable ionic liquids. It electrochemically...

The anodic dissolution of metals is an important topic for battery design, material finishing and metal digestion. Ionic liquids are being used in all these areas but the research on relatively few media. This study investigates behaviour 9 ionic liquid [C4mim][Cl] a deep eutectic solvent, Ethaline, which 1:2 mol ratio mixture choline chloride ethylene glycol. It shown that majority studied quasi-passivation surface occurs, primarily due to formation insoluble films electrode surface. most...

The use of iodine as an electrocatalyst in metal dissolution and recovery is demonstrated with three types substrate; brass, GaAs a gold ore.

Copper can be extracted from the main copper mineral, chalcopyrite, without formation of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide.

Deep eutectic solvents have previously been used as cost-effective and readily available alternatives to conventional ionic liquids. Due their versatile complexation properties, they are potential lixiviants for selective metal processing. In this study, we investigate the leaching behavior of three choline chloride-based deep selectively separate indium tin from an oxide flue dust material. Ethylene glycol, urea, oxalic acid dihydrate were hydrogen bond donors in mixtures. The highest...

This Chapter reviews the area of inorganic complexes in ionic liquids. It focuses primarily on literature published during calendar year 2007 but more generally it discusses lack information and problems associated with collecting data these solvents. The applications which play a vital role are highlighted this review together importance that speciation plays controlling chemistry metal ions.

The hexacyanoferrate(<sc>iii</sc>/<sc>ii</sc>) redox couple is useful as a complementary standard with ferrocenium/ferrocene because in many instances only one of these couples exhibits reversible behaviour.

An understanding of the activity a solute in solution is vital for utilising full potential reactive species. In this work we determine metal salts variety ionic liquids. Some solutions behave like classical non-polar solvents whereas other are practically ideal up to 1 mol kg−1 which allows standard redox potentials be determined.

Metallurgical applications of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), known as ionometallurgy, have received significant research attention in recent years. While many studies claim that DESs are generally green and enhance process efficiency, others believe industrial ionometallurgy not viable. Here, we report on leaching experiments a sulfide flotation concentrate using ethaline, chloride-based DES, the presence common oxidants. Following mineral-based approach, compare results with those obtained...

Here we describe the electrolytic deposition of a range metallic coatings, alloys and composites from room temperature ionic liquids that have low environmental impact/toxicity, are inexpensive easy to handle. We show some these systems can be considered as "drop-in" replacement technologies for existing aqueous processes currently utilize strong inorganic acids highly toxic reagents.

The electrodeposition of metals from ionic solutions is intrinsically linked to the reactivity solute ions. When metal salts dissolve, exchange anion with molecular and components solution affects speciation therefore characteristics reduction. This study investigates nucleation mechanism, deposition kinetics, diffusion coefficients silver dissolved in Deep Eutectic Solvents. electrochemical reduction AgCl, AgNO3 Ag2O studied 1 : 2 choline chloride ethylene glycol urea. Cyclic voltammetry...

In this study we compare the electrochemical and structural properties of three gold salts AuCl, AuCN KAu(CN)2 in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) electrolyte (Ethaline 200) order to elucidate factors affecting galvanic deposition coatings on nickel substrates. A chemically reversible diffusion limited response was observed for whereas showed much more complicated, kinetically responses. Galvanic exchange reactions were performed substrates from DES solutions salts; gave bright coating,...

Abstract Al‐ion batteries employing natural graphite cathodes have been proposed as a valid alternative to Li‐ion systems due their low‐cost and sustainability, well stable long‐term cycle life. In contrast commonly used but typically expensive ionic‐liquid‐based electrolytes, our reported Al‐graphite use AlCl 3 /urea /acetamide deep eutectic solvents (DES, also known ionic liquid analogues) alternative. By carefully selecting amide composition, Al speciation in the DES electrolyte can be...

The ionic liquid (C4mim)2CuCl3 was synthesised from a mixture of copper(i) chloride and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (C4mimCl) investigated using crystallographic thermoanalytical methods. In the crystalline state, compound consists C4mim(+) cations triangular [CuCl3](2-) anions forms three different modifications, which are connected through phase transitions at 227 203 K. high intermediate temperature phases crystallise in space group C2, whereas low exhibits P21. crystal structures related...

Scanning electron microscopy, and some other imaging techniques, commonly require that specimens to be imaged are coated with a conductive metal, such as gold, gold-palladium, platinum or silver.However, the application of metal coatings changes appearance can obscure important features, thus may undesirable, even prohibited by institutions curators.We describe harmless, straightforward inexpensive technique for removing gold.The method involves immersing samples in ionic liquids rinsing...