Developing green heterogeneous catalysts with excellent Fenton-like activity is critical for water remediation technologies. However, current often rely on toxic transitional metals, and their catalytic performance far from satisfactory as alternatives of homogeneous catalysts. In this study, a catalyst based Zn single-atom was prepared in an ammonium atmosphere using ZIF−8 precursor. Multiple characterization analyses provided evidence that abundant intrinsic defects due to the edge sites...

A unique encapsulated structure was used for peroxide activation. The strong interfacial interactions facilitated electronic communication, thus promoting the generation of NG–PMS*, which reacted with phenol by an anodic-like nonradical process.

Introduction Researchers have developed the social value orientation (SVO) framework to describe prosocial tendencies. However, existing tools for measuring SVO lack sufficient attention effect of option inequality, driven by inequality-aversion motive. In this research, we conducted an eye-tracking experiment compare traditional measure with inequality-controlled condition, investigating how it influences estimated values and underlying process mechanisms. Methods A within-subjects was 65...

Abstract Intertemporal choices refer to decisions involving tradeoffs between costs and benefits at different times. Two types of models, namely, attribute‐ alternative‐based have been developed account for the intertemporal individuals. Although behavioral evidence favors attribute‐based eye‐tracking data produced mixed evidence. Examining causal link eye gaze choice may help resolve controversy in these two models. This study then performs a gaze‐contingent manipulation direct time...

This study utilized eye-tracking techniques to investigate decision-making behavior in intertemporal loss scenarios under both time pressure and no conditions. Results revealed shorter times decreased large later (LL) option selection frequency pressure. Participants exhibited reduced Mean Fixation Duration (MFD) Search Measure (SM) values, indicating altered information processing. Mediation analyses confirmed that task choice outcomes were influenced by SM MFD, suggesting a shift towards heuristic

Understanding urbanization and evaluating its impact are vital for formulating global sustainable development. The results obtained from the of urbanization, however, depend on kind measurement used. With goal increasing our understanding we developed direct indirect subjective indicators to measure how people assess their living situation. survey revealed that projected endorsements perceived social ambiance toward in different types settlements did not improve along with level China....

Abstract Objectives As an important part of health literacy, oral literacy has been adapted to dental practice and research. The 14‐item short version the Health Literacy in Dentistry (HeLD) scale demonstrated excellent reliability, validity precision when tested among English‐speaking populations. However, appropriate reliable assessment this other language contexts remains lacking. reliability Chinese HeLD (HeLD‐C) for population must therefore be examined. Methods was translated into...

We are constantly faced with decisive situations in which the options not presented simultaneously. How information of is might influence subsequent decision-making. For instance, presenting an alternative- or dimension-wise manner may affect searching patterns and thus lead to different choices. In this study, effects presentation on risky choice according two experiments (Experiment 1, N = 45; Experiment 2, 50) systematically examined. Specifically, tasks conducted. Participants could...

Time preference reversals refers to systematic inconsistencies between preferences and valuations in intertemporal choice. When faced with a pair of options, people preferred the smaller-sooner option but assign higher price larger-later one. Different hypotheses postulate that differences evaluation scale or output format choice bid tasks cause reversal. However, these have not been distinguished. In present study, we conducted hybrid task, which shares same task task. By comparing three...

Abstract Time preference reversal refers to systematic inconsistencies between preferences and bids for intertemporal options. From the two eye-tracking studies (N1 = 60, N2 110), we examined underlying mechanisms of time reversal. We replicated effect in which individuals facing a pair options choose smaller-sooner option but assign higher value larger-later one. Results revealed that mean fixation duration proportion gaze on outcome attribute varied across choice bid tasks. In addition,...

Despite various studies examining intertemporal choice with hypothetical rewards due to problematic real reward delivery, there remains no substantial evidence on the effect of incentives decision confidence and cognitive process in comprehensive exploration loss domain. Hence, this study conducts an eye-tracking experiment examine incentive approach measure participants' using a between-subject design both gain domains. Results replicated previous findings which show do not affect In...

According to the dual-system theories, decisions in an ultimatum game (UG) are governed by automatic System 1 and controlled 2. The former drives preference for fairness, whereas latter self-interest motive. However, association between contributions of two systems UG cognitive process needs more direct evidence. In present study, we used dissociation procedure estimate recorded participants eye movements examine processes underlying decisions. Results showed that estimated uncorrelated they...

There is a Chinese proverb saying that "when the debts are paid, body feels light." From perspective of embodied cognition, there may be connection between indebtedness and sensation physical burden. However, relationship two aspects has not been fully examined. The present research investigated bidirectionality burden through studies. In Study 1, we examined effect manipulation on judgment hill slant, which varies by Results revealed participants in indebted condition judged as steeper than...

The ultimatum game is a classic paradigm for measuring fairness preferences. Dual-system theories indicate that people's preferences in the are result of interaction between automatic System 1 and controlled 2. In this study, we recruited 137 164 college students two experiments. Experiment used process dissociation to examine how cognitive load influences processing. 2 rational belief engage Results revealed (1) high enhanced contribution but did not affect (2) priming 1. These findings...

Intelligent tourism is the upper application to facing visitors and severing them in informationization implementation process.Intelligent development cannot leave support of big data, which need rely on large data provide sufficient advantageous resources for "intelligent" development.However, industry currently still has considerable obstacles some are from collection, others analysis mining.This article states usage intelligent online reputation mechanism, sharing effective using methods,...

Abstract Social decisions often require individuals to balance conflicts between their own selfish interests and the need for equality. The way information about available options is presented can have an impact on how people process make social decisions. In this study, we examined effect of presentation in a mini‐dictator game, where participants must binary choices allocate money themselves another participant. We conducted two tasks with different styles: attribute‐based task, attributes...

Various transgressions and crimes can be accomplished by individuals, but are also committed groups. A similar transgression may have varying punishment intensities for individuals groups, this difference vary between the American Chinese cultures. Using a questionnaire on bribery scenarios, two studies were carried out to examine differences in groups aforementioned Results confirm that harsher than those culture. In contrast, equally harsh Further evidence indicates underlying mechanism...

Abstract Background Suboptimal health status (SHS) is a reversible, borderline state between optimal and disease. Although this condition’s definition widely understood, related questionnaires must be developed to identify individuals with SHS in various populations relative predictive, preventive, personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM). This study presents short-form suboptimal questionnaire (the SHSQ-SF) that appears possess sufficient reliability validity assess large-scale populations. Methods...

Abstract Continuous risky decisions refer to that involve trade-offs among options with persistent risks. People can use the probability of occurrence per unit time (e.g., ‘the is 1% month’) or average risk 100 months’) represent continuous options. In this study, we examined effect presentation format (i.e., vs. occurrence) on in gain domain and further explored underlying mechanism. Study 1 ( N = 122), demonstrated moderating magnitude probabilities. Specifically, when probabilities were...