Since the beginning of 21st Century, scientists and engineers have been investigating triboluminescent materials for use in smart impact sensors. One brightest found thus far is europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA). This material was discovered by Hurt 1966 bright enough to be seen daylight. Through innovative design synthesis steps exchanging chloride nitrate, emission increased over 80%. In addition, yield increased, as washing not required. Here, we discuss new process,...

Europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA) is one of the brightest known triboluminescent (TL) materials. First synthesized in 1966, emission from EuD4TEA bright enough to be seen daylight. In this paper we report synthesis Eu(III) tetrakis compounds using different solvents, and their influence on appearance, TL yield, decay time. The physical appearance Eu changed with solvent type. Further, solvents influenced time for nucleation completion reaction. measurements show that...

There are a number of techniques currently being used for damage detection and monitoring civil, aerospace, military structures aircraft. However, the major drawbacks current that they do not provide in-situ distributed sensing. In addition, associated cost resulting from downtime required periodic non-destructive inspections can be very high aerospace nearly impossible remote Lunar habitats. Mechanoluminescent-based sensor systems may able to overcome these challenges as have potential...

Photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) is a highly sensitive and precise technique that used to measure the optical absorption thermal characteristics of sample. While most applications PDS utilize heating beam, laser cooling solids, or refrigeration as it sometimes called, use this determine if Current methods for require multiple wavelengths in both Stokes anti-Stokes region ensure occurring. This can cause problems lasers must be changed no desired wavelength are available. Herein, we...

An experimental apparatus was developed to measure the triboluminescent emission spectrum from materials such as manganese doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Mn) at ballistic velocities. This consists of an Ocean Optics S2000 spectrometer, modified projectiles, infrared chronograph, and a finder scope. setup used record first ZnS:Mn generated during impact. The details on setup, techniques, results will be shown in this paper.

Over the last decade, research has been conducted to investigate use of triboluminescence (TL) as active element for impact sensors. TL is defined emission light produced by mechanical action. For authors obtained extensive experience in characterizing and successfully measured it during impacts with speeds 1 m/s about 5.6 km/s. most part, zinc sulfide europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (europium tetrakis) compounds have used sample materials, since both emit strong TL. Recent...

Abstract As the Space Shuttle program ends, NASA is developing next generation of space vehicles. These new concept designs will require and innovative structural health monitoring capabilities. One way to solve this problem with smart impact sensors that use triboluminescent materials. In 2011, authors reported an 82% increase in triboluminescence yield europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD 4 TEA) by changing starting material. It has been shown introduction dopants tends enhance...

The ability of an object to emit light upon fracture is known as triboluminescence (TL). While no complete theory on TL exists, its applications are limitless. One such use for detecting damage aircraft or Lunar habitats. In order make these sensors more effective, the must be bright. Europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA) one brightest materials. 2010, authors began investigating dopants increase even further. Thus far they have been successful in increasing EuD4TEA by nearly...

The first demonstration of laser cooling solids was an ytterbium doped fluorozirconate glass. While this groundbreaking work successfully showed that it is possible to cool using cooling, rare-earth materials are governed by Boltzmann statistics limiting their ability about 100 K. Direct-bandgap semiconductors, on the other hand, Fermi-Dirac statistics, which allows for a theoretical limit 10 K as well higher efficiencies. Recently, demonstrated CdS nanoribbons 40 That success attributed...

One of the brightest tested triboluminescent materials is europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA). In 2011, authors discovered that synthesizing EuD4TEA using nitrate instead chloride significantly increased triboluminescence yield. 2012, anhydrous ethanol not best solvent to be used for EuD4TEA. The less expensive acetone increases and makes synthesis much easier. However, no study has ever been done on how increasing crystal size changes its triboluminescence. This paper...