[1] A sequence of monsoon surges struck Pakistan and Northwestern India during late July-early August 2010. The unusually heavy rainfall resulted in record-breaking floods, which affected 20 million people with a death toll near 3000. Simultaneously, long-lived blocking high appeared over Europe Russia middle June persisted for nearly two months. Extreme flooding occurred when the southward penetration extratropical potential vorticity deep trough east European tropical arrived concurrently...

Abstract The amplitude asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña is investigated by diagnosing the mixed-layer heat budget during ENSO developing phase using three ocean assimilation products: Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) 2.0.2, SODA 1.4.2, Global System (GODAS). It found that nonlinear zonal meridional temperature advections are essential to cause in far eastern Pacific, whereas vertical advection has opposite effect. current anomaly dominated geostrophic association with thermocline...

Abstract Unprecedented atmospheric circulations with extreme weather were observed in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere during winter of 2013–2014. The anomalous manifestation Pacific pattern or North Oscillation/Western but extremely large amplitude. Simulation results suggest that constructively induced by sea surface temperature tropical and Pacific, as well low ice concentration Arctic. Natural variability played a major role inducing anomaly pattern, whereas anomalously warm Arctic...

Abstract The western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in boreal summer shows a remarkable enhancement after the early 1980s. Whereas sea surface temperature (SST) Indian Ocean (NIO) and equatorial eastern had been noted to have local or remote effects on enhancing WNPSH, influence of Atlantic SST, so far, is hardly explored. This article reports new finding: enhanced relationship between tropical (TA)‐SST WNPSH Regression study suggests that warm TA‐SST produced zonally overturning...

Abstract In boreal summer of 2022, Pakistan experienced extremely high rainfall, resulting in severe flooding and displacing over 30 million people. At the same time, heatwaves persisted central China Europe. The coexistence these extreme events suggests a possible linkage. Our analysis indicated that record rainfall was mainly induced by compounding factors. These included (1) La Niña-induced strong anomalous easterlies northern Indian subcontinent, (2) intense southerlies from Arabian Sea...

The physical mechanism for the amplitude asymmetry of SST anomalies (SSTA) between positive and negative phases Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is investigated, using Simple Data Assimilation (SODA) NCAR–NCEP data. It found that a strong skewness appears in IOD east pole (IODE) mature phase [September–November (SON)], while west insignificant. Thus, primarily caused by IODE. A mixed-layer heat budget analysis indicates following two air–sea feedback processes are responsible skewness. first...

The differences in the temporal evolution and spatial characteristics of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) between positive negative events with without ENSO have been investigated using observations for period 1948–2002. To document such is particularly important climate forecasts over far east Asia, since distinctly different monsoon activities China, Korea, Japan types IOD are found composite maps precipitation anomalies. map SST wind during various stages ocean mixed layer heat budget showed...

Abstract A record-breaking, long-persisting extreme cold anomaly (ECA) over Southeast Asia, accompanied by an intraseasonal convection the Maritime Continent, is identified during La Niña mature phase in February 2008. The cause of ECA, particular role oscillation (ISO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on investigated diagnosing observations conducting numerical experiments. ECA associated with enhanced prolonged Siberian high (SH) a persistent northerly Asia. In contrast to...

Typhoon Morakot that made landfall on Taiwan during 7–9 August 2009 caused record‐breaking rainfall in Southern and nearly 700 deaths from mudslides. It was the most severe natural disaster by a typhoon 50 years. Different typical cases, characterized an isolated vortex, embedded large‐scale convection region with monsoon circulation of different time scales tropical western North Pacific. Morakot's landing occurred concurrently arrival cyclonic submonthly wave pattern (10–30‐day) phase...

[1] This study examines the different impacts of two types El Niños, eastern Pacific Niño (EP-EN) and central (CP-EN), on tropical cyclone (TC) tracks over western North (WNP) based observational data. Whereas TC between CP-EN EP-EN show a small difference in boreal summer (JJA), they do exhibit great autumn (SON), that is, TCs recurve northward at further westward location near coastline East Asia during CP-EN. As consequence, more make landfall to Taiwan South China A analysis indicates...

Abstract The record mei-yu rainfall occurred in the Yangtze–Huai River valley (YHRV) and Japan regions early summer (June–July) of 2020 devastated these regions. Whereas several studies had been devoted to physical processes behind this climate extreme, impact upward trend ocean atmosphere was less investigated. In study, potential effect linear on extreme assessed by comparing event with a 1998 event. distinction between June July focus. June, significant increasing trend, accompanied an...

This study investigates the decadal predictability of cold surge frequency (CSF) in East Asia, including Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, through lens North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. The findings suggest that extreme events such as surges can be predicted on timescales when teleconnection mechanism is robustly established. revisits consolidates dynamical mechanisms underlying wave propagation between NAO Asian trough, highlighting their role creating a winter environment conducive to Taiwan...

A climate regime shift (CRS) in the Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) pattern was identified 1996/1997. This decadal SST change is characterized by a warming over equatorial western (EWP) and mid-latitude North South cooling central (ECP). The large-scale atmospheric circulation associated with this CRS exhibits pair of low-level anticyclonic (cyclonic) gyres off EWP (ECP) zonal-vertical overturning anomaly along equator. Both empirical orthogonal function singular vector decomposition...

Abstract This paper reports a new finding and related mechanism: the forcing effect of tropical Atlantic (TA) sea surface temperature (SST) on atmosphere–ocean coupling in western North Pacific (WNP) northern Indian Ocean (NIO). Since early 1980s, TA SST has increased and, notably, exhibited an enhanced interannual statistical relationship with WNP subtropical high NIO boreal summer. Empirical diagnostics reveal following spatial pattern linking Ocean: 1) cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation...

A basinwide warming (cooling) in the Indian Ocean is observed following El Niño (La Niña) mature phase, with amplitude of being significantly larger than cooling. composite analysis reveals that asymmetry (positive skewness) between warm and cold sea surface temperature anomaly pattern (IOB) appears only when ENSO concurrent dipole (IOD). The becomes insignificant during ENSO-only IOD-only events. physical mechanism for investigated by analyzing mixed layer heat budget based on Simple Data...

In this paper, we report the triggering effect of extratropical perturbation on onset an atypical Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and 2015-16 El Niño in March 2015. The MJO exhibited several unique characteristics: forcing, genesis location timing equatorial western Pacific, extremity amplitudes many aspects. southward-penetrating northerly associated with disturbances North Pacific contributed to deep convection westerly wind burst (WWB) over anomalously warm tropical early March....

Abstract In this second part of a two-part paper, the mechanism for amplitude asymmetry SST anomalies (SSTA) between positive and negative Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events is investigated through diagnosis coupled model simulations. Same as observed in Part I, significant skewness appears IOD east pole (IODE) September–November (SON), whereas there no west (IODW). A sensitivity experiment shows that IODE even case when ENSO absent. The mixed layer heat budget reveals primarily induced by...

The close decadal relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and cold surge frequency in Northern Taiwan is identified. was higher (lower) 1957–1977 (1981–2001), which corresponded to negative (positive) phase of NAO. teleconnection pattern associated with NAO suggests that Siberian high, ridge upstream Lake Baikal East Asian trough, are well‐known circulation characteristics favorable for occurrences, were enhanced phase. A weakened upper‐level convergence over...

Abstract This study reports the different effects of tropical and subtropical sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) on mean cyclone (TC) genesis location in western North Pacific (WNP), a TC–SSTA relationship that has been largely ignored. In Pacific, interannual variability SSTA boreal summer is characterized by an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like pattern, whereas exhibits meridional mode (PMM)-like structure. Partial correlation analysis reveals ENSO-like PMM-like SSTAs...

Abstract Western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoon and tropical cyclone (TC) activity are supposed to be declined during a strong El Niño decaying summer. The 2015–2016 event, which had 3.4 sea surface temperature (SSTA) similar the 1997–1998 was classified as Niño. However, WNP TC were normal or even stronger than climatological mean This study addressed why event exerted distinct effects on WNP's climate compared with event. major difference in oceanic conditions between two events is...

Abstract Observations revealed notable discrepancies in the 2023/24 El Niño compared to earlier events, despite registering moderate Niño3.4 index magnitudes. Essential indicators such as westerly wind burst, thermocline zonal tilting, and eastward propagation of oceanic Kelvin waves were conspicuously weak, indicating a weak air‐sea coupled contrast past occurrences, coincided with unusually high North Atlantic Tripole extratropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The elevated SST...

Abstract Future changes in the frequency and destructiveness of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) over East Asia were investigated by analyzing simulations two high‐resolution (20–25‐km) atmospheric general circulation models forced sea surface temperature (SST) present period (1979–2003) under future warming conditions (2075–2099) RCP8.5 scenario. The present‐day capture well genesis count, tracks, intensity associated with TCs striking coastal areas Taiwan‐East China (TWCN), South...