Numerous studies of wild populations have shown that phenotypic traits can change adaptively on short timescales, but very few considered coincident changes in major fitness components. We here examine adaptive life-history and survival rates for guppies introduced into new environments. Female the derived (Damier River) diverged from ancestral (Yarra population, as a result adaptation to predation regime (high vs. low) other aspects local river. Moreover, some components Damier populations,...

In semelparous populations, dormant germ banks (e.g. seeds) have been proposed as important in maintaining genotypes that are adaptive at different times fluctuating environments. Such hidden storage of genetic diversity need not be exclusive to banks. Genotype may preserved many iteroparous animals through sperm-storage mechanisms females. This allows males reproduce posthumously and increase the effective sizes seemingly female-biased populations. Although long-term sperm has demonstrated...

Summary Polymorphic warning signals in aposematic species are enigmatic because predator learning and discrimination should select for the most common coloration, resulting positive frequency‐dependent survival selection. Here, we investigated whether differential mating success could create sufficiently strong negative selection rare morphs to explain polymorphic (white yellow) coloration male wood tiger moths ( Parasemia plantaginis ). We conducted an experiment semi‐natural conditions...

Evolutionary analyses of population translocations (experimental or accidental) have been important in demonstrating speed evolution because they subject organisms to abrupt environmental changes that create an episode selection. However, the strength selection such studies is rarely measured, limiting our understanding evolutionary process. This contrasts with long-term, mark-recapture unmanipulated populations measure directly, yet reveal change. Here, we present a study experimental male...

We conducted 10 mark–recapture experiments in natural populations of Trinidadian guppies to test hypotheses concerning the role viability selection geographic patterns male color variation. Previous work has reported that are more colorful low-predation sites than high-predation sites. This pattern phenotypic variation been theorized reflect differences balance between (viability) disfavors bright (owing predation) and sexual favors female choice). Our results support prediction is...

Evolutionary theory predicts that the sex linkage of sexually selected traits can influence direction and rate evolutionary change, also itself be subject to selection. Theory abounds on how sex-specific selection, mate choice, or other phenomena should favor different types sex-linked inheritance, yet evidence in nature remains limited. Here, we use hormone assays Trinidadian guppies explore extent which male coloration differs among populations adapted varying predation regimes. Results...

Chemically defended animals often display conspicuous colour patterns that predators learn to associate with their unprofitability and subsequently avoid. Such (i.e. aposematic), deter by stimulating visual chemical sensory channels. Hence, aposematism is considered be 'multimodal'. The evolution of warning signals (and a lesser degree accompanying defences) fundamentally linked natural selection predators. Lately, however, increasing evidence also points role sexual shaping signal...

Abstract Warning signals are predicted to develop signal monomorphism via positive frequency‐dependent selection (+FDS) albeit many aposematic systems exhibit polymorphism. To understand this mismatch, we conducted a large‐scale predation experiment in four countries, among which the frequencies of hindwing warning coloration moth, Arctia plantaginis, differ. Here show that by avian predators on colour is local morph frequency and predator community composition. We found +FDS be strongest...

Abstract Predation is an important selective pressure, and some prey have evolved conspicuous warning signals that advertise unpalatability (i.e., aposematism) as antipredator defence. Conspicuous colour patterns been shown effective signals, by promoting predator learning memory. Unexpectedly, butterfly species from the unpalatable tribe Ithomiini possess transparent wings, a feature rare on land but common in water, known to reduce detection. We tested whether transparency of wings was...

AbstractEcologists and evolutionary biologists are fascinated by life's variation but also seek to understand phenomena mechanisms that apply broadly across taxa. Model systems can help us extract generalities from amid all the wondrous diversity, only if we choose develop them carefully, use wisely, have a range of model which choose. In this introduction Special Feature on Systems in Ecology, Evolution, Behavior (EEB), begin grappling with question, What is system? We then explore where...

Theory predicts that the sex linkage of sexually selected traits can influence direction and rate evolution should itself evolve in response to sex-specific selection. Some studies have found intraspecific differences associated with selection pressures, but we know nothing about how fast these evolve. Here show introduced guppy populations showing rapid male coloration also changes sex-linkage patterns. A comparison, using hormonal manipulations females, different ages suggests a consistent...

Abstract Sexual harassment is a widespread evolutionary outcome of sexual conflict over mating rates. Male can impose costs on females, and females often change their behaviors to avoid unwanted attention. In Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), males use either sneak behavior or courtship displays as reproductive tactics. Both be sources harassment, but likely more harmful. Males adapted low-predation habitats fewer tactics than high-predation ancestors. Here, we tested whether female...

Abstract We use an experimental introduction in nature to examine factors that influence parallel evolution. In 1996, 200 high‐predation guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) from the Yarra River were introduced into Damier River, which previously lacked guppies. Eight years later, we quantified colour of wild‐caught (‘phenotypic’ divergence) and lab‐reared (‘genetic’ low‐ environments both rivers. Phenotypic genetic divergence between predation within was evident for black orange. but not Genetic...

The persistence of intrapopulation phenotypic variation typically requires some form balancing selection because drift and directional eventually erode genetic variation. Heterozygote advantage remains a classic explanation for the maintenance in face selection. However, examples heterozygote advantage, other than those associated with disease resistance, are rather uncommon. Across most its distribution, males aposematic moth Arctia plantaginis have two hindwing phenotypes determined by...

An increasingly large number of studies have demonstrated the ability populations to undergo contemporary or rapid evolution. Little explored in this regard is role phenotypic plasticity, although it can influence eco-evolutionary dynamics and hence evolutionary rates. Here we quantify evolution life history plasticity Trinidadian guppies transplanted from high novel low predation environments. Common-garden results show that after only nine years, 13–27 generations, introduced diverged...

Evolutionary biologists have long been interested in parsing out the roles of genetics, plasticity and their interaction on adaptive trait divergence. Since males females often different ecological reproductive roles, separating how traits are shaped by interactions between genes environment is necessary important. Here, we disentangle sex-specific effects genetic divergence, developmental plasticity, social learning contextual foraging behaviour Trinidadian guppies ( Poecilia reticulata )...

Eco-evolutionary theory has brought an interest in the rapid evolution of functional traits. Among them, diet is important determinant ecosystem structure, affecting food web dynamics and nutrient cycling. However, it largely unknown whether diet, or preference, a hereditary basis can evolve on contemporary timescales. Here, we study preferences Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata collected from directly below introduction site fish transplanted high-predation environment into low...

Abstract Behavioural plasticity is a major driver in the early stages of adaptation, but its effects mediating evolution remain elusive because behavioural itself can evolve. In this study, we investigated how male Trinidadian guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) adapted to different predation regimes diverged their mating tactic. We reared F2 juveniles high‐ or low‐predation population origins with combinations social and predator cues assayed behaviour upon sexual maturity. High‐predation males...

Polymorphic warning signals in aposematic systems are enigmatic because predator learning should favor the most common form, creating positive frequency-dependent survival. However, many populations exhibit variation signals. There various selective mechanisms that can counter selection and lead to temporal or spatial signal diversification. Examining these their effects requires first confirming whether morphs favored at both local regional scales. Empirical examples of this uncommon often...