Neuroinflammation commonly accompanies neurodegeneration, but the specific roles of resident and infiltrating immune cells during degeneration remains controversial. Much difficulty in assessing myeloid cell-specific functions disease progression arises from inability to clearly distinguish between activated microglia bone marrow-derived monocytes macrophages various stages differentiation activation within central nervous system. Using an inducible model photoreceptor cell death, we...

Activation of resident microglia accompanies every known form neurodegeneration, but the involvement peripheral monocytes that extravasate and rapidly transform into microglia-like macrophages within central nervous system during degeneration is far less clear. Using a combination in vivo ocular imaging, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, we investigated response infiltrating cells light-inducible mouse model photoreceptor degeneration. Within 24 h, became activated began migrating to...

Significance Microglia, the resident macrophages of central nervous system, are critical for synaptic pruning and maintenance mitigating injury neurodegeneration. Determining whether microglia–neuron interactions beneficial in specific instances has been difficult, largely because local transient nature interactions. Using simultaneous optical coherence tomography/scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) adaptive optics SLO retinal imaging mice, we show microglia photoreceptors over time scales...

Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) has recently been used to achieve exquisite subcellular resolution imaging of the mouse retina. Wavefront sensing-based AO typically restricts field view a few degrees visual angle. As consequence relationship between AO-SLO data and larger scale retinal structures cellular patterns can be difficult assess. The vasculature affords large-scale 3D map on which cells located during in vivo imaging. Phase-variance OCT (pv-OCT) efficiently...

Significance Vertebrate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) transmit all visual signals from the eye to brain, are pathogenic target in glaucoma, and require Atoh7 competence factor develop multipotent progenitors. transcription is controlled by dual cis regulatory elements, including a remote shadow enhancer (SE). In humans, loss of SE causes NCRNA disease, with congenital blindness due optic nerve aplasia. We generated mouse deletion model analyzed its effects on transcription, histology,...

It has been recently demonstrated that structures corresponding to the cell bodies of highly transparent cells in retinal ganglion layer could be visualized noninvasively living human eye by optical coherence tomography (OCT) via temporal averaging. Inspired this development, we explored application volumetric averaging mice, which are important models for studying diseases and therapeutic interventions. A general framework speckle-averaging (TSA) OCT angiography (OCTA) is presented applied...

Rods and cones mediate visual perception over 9 log units of light intensities, with both photoreceptor types contributing to a middle 3-log unit range that comprises most night-time conditions. Rod function in this mesopic has been difficult isolate study vivo because the paucity mutants abolish cone signaling without causing degeneration. Here we describe novel Gnat2 knockout mouse line (Gnat2-/-) ideal for dissecting rod function. In line, loss expression abolished phototransduction, yet...

Eric Miller described what the concept of linked data is, practical applications for space, and how libraries can contribute to efforts. He defined as next phase World Wide Web. Whereas Web made it possible link connect documents, are leveraging regardless where those reside. suggested new opportunities assist organizations with their information needs weave knowledge workers, library users, librarians together in a enterprise.

Retinal detachment (RD) can lead to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a leading cause of intractable vision loss. PVR is associated with cytokine storm involving common proinflammatory molecules like IL6, but little known about the source and downstream signaling IL6 consequences for retina. Here, we investigated early immune response resultant following RD in mice.RD was induced C57BL/6 J knockout mice, resulting inflammatory examined using immunohistochemistry flow cytometry....

Speckle is an inevitable consequence of the use coherent light in imaging and acts as noise that corrupts image formation most applications.Optical coherence tomographic imaging, a technique employing time gating, suffers from speckle.We present here novel method suppressing speckle intrinsically compatible with adaptive optics (AO) for confocal imaging: modulation phase system pupil aperture segmented deformable mirror (DM) to introduce minor perturbations point spread function.This...

Vertebrate retinal photoreceptors signal light by suppressing a circulating “dark current” that maintains their relative depolarization in the dark. This dark current is composed of an inward through CNG channels and NCKX transporters outer segment balanced outward exiting principally from inner segment. It has been hypothesized Kv2.1 carry predominant fraction rods. We examined this hypothesis comparing whole cell, suction electrode, electroretinographic recordings knockout (Kv2.1−/−)...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) are imaging technologies invented in the 1980s that have revolutionized field of vivo retinal diagnostics now commonly used ophthalmology clinics as well vision science research. Adaptive optics (AO) technology enables high-fidelity correction ocular aberrations, resulting improved resolution sensitivity for both SLO OCT systems. The potential gathering multi-modal cellular-resolution information a single instrument...

Phased-array echosonographic systems, currently in use medical diagnosis, employ pulses that are a few wavelengths long at the center frequency. Design of such systems requires arrays be composed as elements consistent with acceptable resolution and low side lobes. This paper outlines development model for field an idealized phased array. The is extension elementary array theory which includes pulse parameters beam steering. It specialized generation simple useful directivity patterns...

The ability to track individual immune cells within the central nervous system has revolutionized our understanding of roles that microglia and monocytes play in synaptic maintenance, plasticity, neurodegenerative diseases. However, distinguishing between similar subpopulations mobile over time during episodes neuronal death tissue remodeling proven be challenging.We recombineered a photoconvertible fluorescent protein (Dendra2; D2) downstream Cx3cr1 promoter commonly used drive expression...

This pilot study explored physiological responses to playing and listening the Native American flute. Autonomic, electroencephalographic (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV) metrics were recorded while participants (N = 15) played flutes listened several styles of music. Flute was accompanied by an 84% increase in HRV (p < .001). EEG theta (4-8 Hz) activity increased .007) alpha (8-12 lower-pitched .009). Increase from baseline flute conditions strongly correlated with experience (r...

Numerous metrics of heart rate variability (HRV) have been described, analyzed, and compared in the literature. However, they rarely cover actual used a class HRV data acquisition devices - those designed primarily to produce real-time metrics. This paper characterizes that we term dynamic We also report results pilot study which compares one such metric, based on photoplethysmographic using moving sampling window set length an estimated breath cycle (EBC), with established The show high...

This letter reports on specific trends that were found during periods of playing Native American flutes for several autonomic and EEG measures.The flute is an ethnic wind instrument...

Abstract: Music therapists rarely have the opportunity to consider a new model of music therapy and need review prior models theoretical approaches make an informed determination regarding Bio-guided Therapy. While initially appearing fall within confines Behavioral Therapy, technical advances in sound reproduction, physiological data acquisition methods, as well innovative application techniques are argued bring bio-guided approach into realm in-the-moment improvisation. Therapy...