Abstract The aphid alarm pheromone ( E )‐ β ‐farnesene (EBF) is the major example of defence communication in insect world. Released when aphids are attacked by predators such as ladybirds or lacewing larvae, causes behavioural reactions walking dropping off host plant. In this paper, we show that exposure to also induces give birth winged dispersal morphs leave their plants. We first demonstrate only volatile compound emitted from colonies under predator attack and emission proportional...

Significance Associations of plants and herbivores are regarded as the result coevolution, which has produced an astonishing diversity plant defenses corresponding insect counteradaptations. We focus on leaf beetle Phyllotreta striolata , is adapted to glucosinolate-myrosinase system present in its cruciferous host plants. show that P. adults not only selectively sequester intact glucosinolates from their but also express own myrosinase, a member β-glucosidase family capable hydrolyzing form...

Multiple lepidopteran larvae feed successfully on plants containing glucosinolates despite the diverse array of toxic and deterrent breakdown products, such as isothiocyanates (ITCs), formed upon plant damage. While much is known about how specialist lepidopterans metabolize tolerate glucosinolates, there little information metabolic fate these defense compounds in specialized herbivores. Employing 13C- 14C-labeled 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate (glucoraphanin), we identified quantified...

Abstract Divergent populations across different environments are exposed to critical sensory information related locating a host or mate, as well avoiding predators and pathogens. These signals generate evolutionary changes in neuroanatomy behavior; however, few studies have investigated patterns of neural architecture that occur between systems, within large groups closely-related organisms. Here we examine 62 species the genus Drosophila describe an inverse resource allocation vision...

There is increasing evidence that chemical cues play a pivotal role in host selection by the natural enemies of aphids.We use Vinson's (1976) division process into habitat location, location and acceptance for both parasitoids predators review what known about semiochemicals aphid enemies.For (i.e.detection plant), volatiles emitted plants after attack have been described number plant-aphid interactions.These synomones indicate not only presence an plant to predator or parasitoid, but also...

The subepidermal pigment glands of cotton accumulate a variety terpenoid products, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aldehydes that can act as feeding deterrents against number insect herbivore species. We compared the effect herbivory by Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, mechanical damage fabric pattern wheel, application jasmonic acid on levels major representatives three structural classes terpenoids in leaf foliage 4-week-old Gossypium hirsutum plants. Terpenoid increased...

Abstract Background The essential oil of chamomile, one the oldest and agronomically most important medicinal plant species in Europe, has significant antiphlogistic, spasmolytic antimicrobial activities. It is rich chamazulene, a pharmaceutically active compound spontaneously formed during steam distillation from sesquiterpene lactone matricine. Chamomile also contains alcohols hydrocarbons which are produced by action terpene synthases (TPS), key enzymes constructing carbon skeletons....

Fungal infection of grasses, including rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), induces the formation accumulation flavonoid phytoalexins. In maize (Zea mays), however, investigators have emphasized benzoxazinoid terpenoid phytoalexins, comparatively little is known about induction in response to pathogens. Here, we examined fungus-elicited metabolism identified key biosynthetic enzymes involved O-methylflavonoids. The predominant end products were as two...

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) provides an evolutionary shortcut for recipient organisms to gain novel functions. Although reports of HGT in higher eukaryotes are rapidly accumulating, most cases the trajectory, metabolic integration, and ecological relevance acquired genes remain unclear. Plant cell wall degradation by HGT-derived enzymes is widespread herbivorous insect lineages. Pectin abundant polysaccharide walls growing parts plants. We investigated significance horizontally...

The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), a legume specialist, encompasses at least 11 genetically distinct sympatric host races. Each race shows preference for certain species. Six clones from three races were used to localize plant factors influencing probing and feeding behavior on four Aphid performance was tested by measuring survival growth. location of determined using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Every clone performed best species which it originally collected,...

The pea aphid (

Calmodulin-like-proteins (CML) belong to a family of calcium-sensing proteins that are unique for plants and involved in many different developmental stress-related reactions. In defense against herbivory, some pathogens drought, CML37 acts as positive CML42 negative regulator, respectively. We provide evidence both CMLs act antagonistically the regulation induced responses. A double knock-out line, cml37 x cml42, thus shows wild-type phenotypes upon all kind stresses we used. transient...

Iridoid monoterpenes, widely distributed in plants and insects, have many ecological functions. While the biosynthesis of iridoids has been extensively studied plants, little is known about how insects synthesize these natural products. Here, we elucidated cis - trans- nepetalactol nepetalactone pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), where they act as sex pheromones. The exclusive production hind legs sexual female aphids allowed us to identify iridoid genes by searching for specifically...

ABSTRACT The desert ant Cataglyphis fortis inhabits the harsh and featureless North African saltpans. Individuals forage long distances return to their inconspicuous nest entrance using path integration, but also rely on visual olfactory landmarks. Here, we investigated navigational decision making of these ants in differently structured environments. While individual show consistent route preferences, significant variability exists between individuals. Furthermore, favor repetitive routes,...

The sesquiterpene, (E)-β-farnesene (EBF), is the principal component of alarm pheromone many aphid species. Released when aphids are attacked by enemies, EBF leads to undertake predator avoidance behaviors and produce more winged offspring that can leave plant. Many plants also release as a volatile, so it has been proposed this compound could act defend against infestation 1) deterring from settling, 2) reducing performance due frequent interruption feeding 3) inducing production offspring....

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, (Homoptera: Aphididae) releases the volatile sesquiterpene (E)-β-farnesene (EBF) when attacked by a predator, triggering escape responses in aphid colony. Recently, it was shown that this alarm pheromone also mediates production of winged dispersal morph under laboratory conditions. present work tested wing-inducing effect EBF field Aphid colonies were exposed to two treatments (control and EBF) different environmental conditions (field laboratory)....

The cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) is a key pest of oilseed rape in Europe, and specialized to feed on Brassicaceae plants armed with the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system. Upon tissue damage, β-thioglucosidase enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes glucosinolates (GLS) form toxic isothiocyanates (ITCs) which deter non-adapted herbivores. Here, we show that P. chrysocephala selectively sequester GLS from their host store these throughout life cycle. In addition, metabolize...

As aphids are a pest on various crops worldwide, better understanding of the interaction between and plant host defenses is required. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) feeds variety species, including model Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), in which glucosinolates function as major part chemical defense. Several studies have shown that play role interactions aphid. In this work, we used recently identified glucosinolate transporter mutant (gtr1gtr2 dKO), with altered content...

Upon attack by predators or parasitoids, aphids emit volatile chemical alarm signals that warn other of a potential risk predation. Release rate the major constituent pheromone in pea (Acyrthosiphon pisum), (E)-b-farnesene (EBF), was measured for all nymphal and adult stage as were attacked individually lacewing (Chrysoperla carnae) larvae. Volatilization EBF from under quantified continuously 60 min at 2-min intervals with rapid gas chromatography technique (zNose) to monitor headspace...

Hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucan, xylan and mannans, consist of a heterogeneous array plant-derived polysaccharides that form the plant cell wall. These differ from each other in their structure physiochemical properties, but they share β-(1,4)-linked sugar backbone. Hemicelluloses can be hydrolyzed by plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), which are widely distributed phytopathogenic microbes. Recently, it has become apparent phytophagous beetles also produce own PCWDEs. Our previous...

Abstract The development of novel plant chemical defenses and counter adaptations by herbivorous insect could continually drive speciation, producing more specialists than generalists. One approach to test this hypothesis is compare closely related generalist specialist species reveal the associated costs benefits these different adaptive strategies. We use specialized moth Heliothis subflexa , which feeds exclusively on plants in genus Physalis its close relative H. virescens....

The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is a complex of at least 15 genetically different host races that are native to specific legume plants, but can all develop on the universal plant Vicia faba. Despite much research it still unclear why (biotypes) able colonize their hosts while other not. All aphids penetrate and salivate into cells when they test suitability. Thus plants might react differently various races. To find out whether species vary in defense responses races, we measured amounts...