Multiplexing multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) channels enables high-capacity optical communication. However, scattering from ambient microparticles in the atmosphere or mode coupling fibers significantly decreases orthogonality between OAM for demultiplexing and eventually increases crosstalk Here, we propose a novel scattering-matrix-assisted retrieval technique (SMART) to demultiplex highly scattered fields achieve an experimental of -13.8 dB parallel sorting 24 after passing...

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is uniquely positioned for biomedical applications because of its ability to visualize optical absorption contrast in vivo three dimensions. Here we propose motionless volumetric spatially invariant resolution photoacoustic (SIR-PAM). To realize imaging, SIR-PAM combines two-dimensional Fourier-spectrum excitation with single-element depth-resolved detection. achieve lateral resolution, propagation-invariant sinusoidal fringes are generated by a digital...

Abstract Speed and enhancement are the two most important metrics for anti-scattering light focusing by wavefront shaping (WS), which requires a spatial modulator with large number of modulation modes fast speed response. Among commercial modulators, digital-micromirror device (DMD) is sole solution providing millions pattern rate higher than 20 kHz. Thus, it has potential to accelerate process high enhancement. Nevertheless, modulating in binary mode DMD restricts both seriously. Here, we...

Focusing light inside scattering media by optical phase conjugation has been intensively investigated due to its potential applications, such as in deep tissue imaging. However, no existing physical models explain the impact of various factors on focusing performance a dynamic medium. Here, we establish an angular- spectrum model trace field propagation during entire process presence media. By incorporating fast decorrelation components, enables us investigate com- petition between guide...

A genetically encoded photochromic guide star is used for focusing light inside live tissue by wavefront shaping.

Colon cancer identification is of great significance in medical diagnosis. Real-time, objective and accurate inspection results will facilitate professionals to explore symptomatic treatment promptly. However, the existing methods depend on hand-crafted features which require extensive professional expertise long period. Therefore, we propose a multi-scale feature fusion convolutional neural network (MFF-CNN) based shearlet transform identify histopathological image colon cancer. The...

Optical scattering prevents light from being focused through thick biological tissue at depths greater than ∼1 mm. To break this optical diffusion limit, digital phase conjugation (DOPC) based wavefront shaping techniques are actively developed. Previous DOPC systems employed spatial modulators that modulated either the or amplitude of conjugate field. Here, we achieve focusing media by using polarization modulation generalized DOPC. First, describe an algorithm to extract map measured...

The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) is widely used for high-speed, precise, and stable measurements. However, conventional SHWSs encounter a limitation in that the focused spot from each microlens restricted to single microlens, leading limited dynamic range. Herein, we propose an adaptive matching (ASM)-based SHWS extend This approach involves seeking incident best matches detected distribution by employing Hausdorff-distance-based nearest-distance strategy. ASM-SHWS enables...

Digital micromirror devices (DMDs) provide high refresh rates for fast light modulation in wavefront shaping. However, the binarized of optical field by DMDs introduces a constant direct current (DC) field, which causes non-negligible background noise. This limits accuracy DMD-based To address this, we propose high-precision shaping method based on high-pass filtering, eliminates DC and improves anti-scattering focusing filtering out low-frequency spatial components. The experimental results...

Abstract Simultaneously measuring the surface morphology and color of a sample is crucial for full-color 3D printing digitization cultural artifacts. However, traditional methods are susceptible to variations in measurement angle illumination condition, making it difficult balance fidelity spatial accuracy. Here, we propose laser triangulation method that implemented with fixed focus, dark-field illumination, data-driven spectral classification. With this measures height by analyzing shape...

Abstract Deep learning has been used extensively in histopathological image classification, but people this field are still exploring new neural network architectures for more effective and efficient cancer diagnosis. Here, we propose multi-scale, multi-view progressive feature encoding (MSMV-PFENet) classification. With respect to the density of cell nuclei, selected regions potentially related carcinogenesis at multiple scales from each view. The then extracted global local features these...

Abstract Scattered optical field modulations can enable the function of traditional technologies, such as dynamic holographic display, in a scattering environment. Nonetheless, only part degrees freedom be effectively modulated so far. Here, this work proposes spatial full degree‐of‐freedom scattered modulation (SF‐SOM) to impose control on amplitude, phase, and polarization field. To do so, method independently modulates complex amplitude two orthogonally polarized components. It also...

A three-dimensional (3D) holographic display (3DHD) can preserve all the volumetric information about an object. However, poor fidelity of 3DHD constrains its applications. Here, we present ultrahigh-fidelity 3D that uses scattering for homogenization angular spectrum. medium randomizes incident photons and homogenizes spectrum distribution. The redistributed field is recorded by a photopolymer film with numerous modulation modes half-wavelength scale pixel size. We have experimentally...

A new laser differential reflection-confocal focal-length measurement (DRCFM) method is proposed for the high-accuracy of lens focal length. DRCFM uses weak light reflected from last surface to determine vertex position this surface. Differential confocal technology then used identify precisely focus and surface, thereby enabling precise Compared with existing methods, has high accuracy strong anti-interference capability. Theoretical analyses experimental results indicate that relative...

This Letter proposes a laser differential confocal paraboloidal vertex radius measurement (DCPRM) method for the high-accuracy of curvature. DCPRM constructs an autocollimation light path paraboloid by placing reflector in incidence path. technique is based on principle that can aim parallel beam at its focus without aberration and uses positioning technology to identify accurately. Measurement precise distance between these two positions achieved determine radius. Preliminary experimental...

Different measurement methods have been used to achieve different parameter measurements of a spherical lens, and multi-parameter lens low accuracy efficiency. This paper proposes new, laser differential confocal interference (DCIMPM) method for lens. Based on this proposed DCIMPM, comprehensive system is developed which uses the technique measure radius curvature, thickness, refractivity surface figure Therefore, DCIMPM system, first time, achieves high-accuracy single instrument....

An ultra-long light needle is highly desired in optical microscopy for its ability to improve the lateral resolution over a large depth of field (DOF). However, use image acquisition usually relies on mechanical raster scanning, which compromises between imaging speed and stability thereby restricts performance. Here, we propose synthetic Bessel (SBLN) that can be generated scanned digitally by complex modulation using digital micromirror device. In particular, SBLN achieves 45-fold...

Focusing light through a scattering medium is longstanding challenge in biomedical optics, to which wavefront shaping powerful solution. The state-of-the-art feedback-based approach the widely used genetic algorithm method. However, it can only achieve relatively low enhancement of focus, and known be time-consuming. To tackle those issues, we propose gradient-assisted strategy for shaping. proposed method conducts optimization function distribution space. Specifically, when optimizing...

The high resolution of optical imaging and optogenetic stimulation in the deep tissue requires focusing light against strong scattering with contrast. Digital phase conjugation (DOPC) has emerged recently as a promising solution for this requirement, because its short latency. A digital micromirror device (DMD) implementation DOPC enables large number modulation modes speed both which are important when dealing highly dynamic medium. Here, we propose full-polarization (fpDOPC) two DMDs...

A laser confocal radius measurement (LCRM) method is proposed for high-accuracy of the curvature (ROC). The LCRM uses peak points response curves to identify cat eye and positions precisely. It then accurately measures distance between these two determine ROC. also conic fitting, which significantly enhances accuracy by restraining influences environmental disturbance system noise on results. experimental results indicate that has a relative expanded uncertainty less than 10 ppm both convex...

A laser reflection-confocal focal-length measurement (LRCFM) is proposed for the high-accuracy of lens focal length. LRCFM uses peak points confocal response curves to precisely identify focus and vertex last surface. then accurately measures distance between two positions determine conic fitting, which significantly enhances accuracy by inhibiting influence environmental disturbance system noise on results. The experimental results indicate that has a relative expanded uncertainty less than...

Light focusing inside live tissue by digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) has drawn increasing interest due to its potential biomedical applications in optogenetics, microsurgery, phototherapy, and deep-tissue imaging. However, fast physiological motions a animal, including blood flow respiratory motions, produce undesired photon perturbation thus inevitably deteriorate the performance of light focusing. Here, we develop photon-frequency-shifting DOPC method fight against switching...

Focusing light through or inside scattering media by the analog optical phase conjugation (AOPC) technique based on photorefractive crystals (PRCs) has been intensively investigated due to its high controlled degrees of freedom and short response time. However, existing AOPC systems only phase-conjugate scattered in one polarization direction, while state a thick medium is spatially random general, which means that half information lost. Here, we propose dual-polarization for focusing...

Wavefront shaping (WFS) based on digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) has gained major interest in focusing light through or inside scattering media. However, the quality of DOPC is greatly limited by imperfections system a complicated and coupled way. In this Letter, we incorporate concept global optimization to solve problem comprehensively for first time, best our knowledge. An automatic intelligent framework techniques proposed, leveraging ability particle swarm (PSO). We demonstrate...

Realizing a high-contrast anti-scattering light focusing by using spatial modulation such as digital micromirror device (DMD) demands robust optimizer in the process of wavefront shaping. Genetic algorithm (GA) common practice can easily be stuck into inferior local minima. Here, we combined GA with encoding neighboring pixels DMD to circumvent Simulations and experiments have demonstrated that our method could greatly increase capability when compared conventional method. This work an...