Abstract Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) has greatly advanced voxel‐based meta‐analysis research in the field of functional neuroimaging. We present two improvements to ALE method. First, we evaluate feasibility techniques for correcting multiple comparisons: single threshold test and a procedure that controls false discovery rate (FDR). To these techniques, foci from four different topics within literature were analyzed: overt speech stuttering subjects, color‐word Stroop task,...

In recent years, a whole-brain unbiased objective technique, known as voxel-based morphometry (VBM), has been developed to characterise brain differences in vivo using structural magnetic resonance images. The present review provides brief description of VBM and then focuses on exemplar applications healthy diseased subjects. procedure involves normalising high-resolution images standard template stereotactic space. Normalised are segmented into gray white matter smoothed an isotropic...

The morphology of the human cortex varies remarkably across individuals, regardless overall brain size. It is currently unclear whether related cortical regions covary in gray matter density, as a result mutually trophic influences or common experience-related plasticity. We acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging scan from 172 subjects and extracted regional densities 12 readily identifiable interest involved sensorimotor higher-order cognitive functions. then used these values to...

The neural systems underlying translation and language switching were investigated using PET. Proficient German–English adult bilinguals scanned whilst either translating or reading visually presented words in German (L1), English (L2) alternating L1/L2. We refer to L1/L2 as `switching'. results revealed contrasting patterns of activation for switching, suggesting at least partially independent mechanisms. Translation, but not increased activity the anterior cingulate subcortical structures...

The aim of this paper is to illustrate a method for identifying macroscopic anatomical differences among the brains different populations subjects. involves spatially normalizing structural MR images number subjects so that they all conform same stereotactic space. Multivariate statistics are then applied parameters describing estimated nonlinear deformations ensue. To method, we compared gross morphometry male and female We also assessed brain asymmetry, effect handedness, interactions...

This tutorial provides a worked example of using Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) and Parametric Empirical Bayes (PEB) to characterise inter-subject variability in neural circuitry (effective connectivity). involves specifying hierarchical model with two or more levels. At the first level, state space models (DCMs) are used infer effective connectivity that best explains subject's neuroimaging timeseries (e.g. fMRI, MEG, EEG). Subject-specific parameters then taken group where they modelled...

Recent functional imaging studies demonstrated that both the left and right supramarginal gyri (SMG) are activated when healthy right-handed subjects make phonological word decisions. However, lesion typically report difficulties with processing after rather than hemisphere damage. Here, we used a unique dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) approach to test whether SMG in contributes modality-independent (i.e., auditory visual) To task-specificity, compared effect of real or...

In this paper, we propose a new automated procedure for lesion identification from single images based on the detection of outlier voxels. We demonstrate utility using artificial and real lesions. The scheme rests two innovations: First, augment generative model used combined segmentation normalization images, with an empirical prior atypical tissue class, which can be optimised iteratively. Second, adopt fuzzy clustering to identify voxels in normalised gray white matter segments. These...

Electrophysiological studies in humans and animals suggest that noninvasive neurostimulation methods such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can elicit long-lasting [1Fritsch B. Reis J. Martinowich K. Schambra H.M. Ji Y. Cohen L.G. Lu Direct promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: Potential implications for motor learning.Neuron. 2010; 66: 198-204Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1047) Google Scholar], polarity-dependent [2Nitsche M.A. Paulus W. Excitability changes...

Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) is the predominant method for inferring effective connectivity from neuroimaging data. In 15 years since its introduction, neural models and statistical routines in DCM have developed parallel, driven by needs of researchers cognitive clinical neuroscience. this tutorial, we step through an exemplar fMRI analysis detail, reviewing current implementation demonstrating recent developments group-level analysis. first part tutorial (current paper), focus on issues...

Competing theories of short-term memory function make specific predictions about the functional anatomy auditory and its role in language comprehension. We analysed high-resolution structural magnetic resonance images from 210 stroke patients employed a novel voxel based analysis to test relationship between speech Using digit span as an index capacity we found that integrity posterior region superior temporal gyrus sulcus predicted capacity, even when performance on range other measures was...

Here, we present and validate a method that lets us predict the severity of cognitive impairments after stroke, likely course recovery over time. Our approach employs (a) database records behavioural scores from large population patients who have, collectively, incurred comprehensive range focal brain lesions, (b) an automated procedure to convert structural scans those into three-dimensional images their (c) system learn relationship between patients' demographics capacities at different...