In this study, we compared the proliferation and differentiation of Ag-specific CD4 CD8 T cells following Listeria infection. Our results show that responding to infection divide a limited number times, with progeny exhibiting proliferative arrest in early divisions. Even increased infectious doses, display restricted pattern are not driven undergo extensive clonal expansion. This is striking contrast cells, which response These differences also evident when receive uniform anti-CD3...

Abstract The intestinal mucosal CD8 T cell response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes was measured using MHC class I tetramers and compared the in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid tissue, liver. To assess vaccination potential of analyze responses C57BL/6 mouse strains, a recombinant expressing OVA (rLM-ova) generated. peaked at 9 days postinfection much larger fraction mucosa liver pool specific, as spleen. However, these differences were not linked bacterial titers each site....

Abstract Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering (SAG) has been proposed to reduce some impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Previous studies examined annual mean responses SAG. Here we use the Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble simulations explore effects SAG on seasonal cycle Simulations show that relative present‐day climate, diminishes amplitude temperature at many high‐latitude locations, with warmer winters and cooler summers. The shift significantly influences snow depth sea ice,...

The CD8 T cell response to vesicular stomatitis virus infection was characterized in the spleen and intestinal mucosa using MHC tetramers. Surprisingly, primary persisted lamina propria long after splenic had declined. Furthermore, by a protracted effector phase which cytolytic activity propria, but not spleen, maintained. appearance of Ag-specific cells largely, though exclusively, result beta(7) integrin-mediated migration. Infection with Listeria monocytogenes or vaccinia also led...

Abstract Transient T cell depletion occurs before the development of an effective immune response to infection. In this study we show that most cells, regardless specificity, are induced express early activation markers soon after infection with Listeria monocytogenes or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Ag-specific cells further activated display late and undergo extensive proliferation. As begin expand, nonspecific depleted en masse exhibit no sign proliferation their depletion. This...

Background Cellular metabolism plays a critical role in regulating T cell responses and the development of memory cells with long-term protections. However, metabolic phenotype antigen-activated that are responsible for generation long-lived has not been characterized. Design Methods Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) peptide gp33-specific CD8+ derived from receptor transgenic mice, we characterized proliferating were activated expanded vitro presence or absence rapamycin,...

We had previously demonstrated that in mice acute toxoplasmosis leads to systemic inhibition of angiogenesis and, consequently, strong suppression neoplastic growth. Here we investigated the role Th1 cytokines, particular interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), this phenomenon. Besides toxoplasma, growth was readily blocked during infection with other response-inducing pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In contrast, chronic LCMV (when responses were...

Abstract High‐resolution wind fields has always been the goal of refined meteorological forecasting. Using advanced deep learning algorithms for downscaling is an effective approach to achieve this goal. However, lack physical process understanding in results inability accurately reconstruct fine‐scale structures after downscaling. In study, we propose a Terrain‐Constraint Wind Downscaling Model (TCWDM), lightweight model consisting module and terrain‐constraint module. By combining...

Abstract Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Although it well recognized that apoptosis plays a critical role in pathogenesis of disease, molecular mechanisms cell death listeriosis remain to be established. We report this study mice deficient TRAIL were partially resistant primary listeriosis, and blocking with soluble receptor 5 markedly ameliorated disease. The numbers liver spleen TRAIL+/+ 10–100 times greater than those TRAIL−/− following...

To project possible future climate change, it is important to understand Earth system response CO2 removal, a potential key method limit global warming. Previous studies examined some aspects of different scenarios but lacked systematic analysis the carbon cycle and in consistent modeling framework. We expanded previous by using an model examine land ocean cycle, as well set variables idealized atmospheric removal with rates. In considered, increases at rate 1% per year four times its...

Type I IFN (IFN-I or IFN-alphabeta) plays an important role in the innate immune response against viral infection. Here we report that a potent inducer of IFN-alphabeta, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], led to depletion T cells young, but not aged mice, and this was limited central memory, effector cells. Although early activation vivo by poly(I:C), as demonstrated CD69, impaired with aging, expression active caspase-3 higher young compared mice. This induction mice CD69 both...

Abstract Most modeling studies investigate climate effects of solar geoengineering under prescribed atmospheric CO 2 , thereby neglecting potential feedbacks from the carbon cycle. Here we use an Earth system model to interactive between geoengineering, global cycle, and change. We design idealized sunshade simulations prevent warming exceeding 2°C above preindustrial a emission scenario with mitigation starting middle century. By year 2100, reduces burden by 47 PgC enhanced storage in...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts essential neuroimmune communication, leading to severe immune depression. Previous studies confirmed dysfunction in mice with chronic SCI and following high thoracic level where sympathetic innervation of the spleen is disrupted. Here, we induced a mid-thoracic integrity response maintained investigated antiviral T cell influenza virus after acute SCI.One week contusion at T9, were infected intranasally virus. Profiles populations analyzed before infection,...

Aging is associated with decreased expansion of T cells upon stimulation. In young mice, infection induces a transient cell depletion followed by the development an Ag-specific response that controls infection. We found were depleted early after E55 + murine leukemia retrovirus in young, but not aged, mice. Adoptive transfer experiments showed donor mice due to apoptosis various tissues recipients. However, neither nor aged donors These results indicate both environmental and intrinsic...

Abstract Secreted or nonsecreted Ag expressed by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes can prime CD8 T cells. However, Ag-specific memory cells confer protection against bacteria secreting Ag, but not expressing the form of same Ag. This dichotomy may be explained a long-standing hypothesis that Ags are less effective than secreted at inducing protective immune response onset infection. We tested this examining whether these two different forms induce primary and secondary cell responses. The...

Abstract Memory CD8 T cells play a critical role in protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. In addition to their ability specifically recognize and lyse infected targets, activated secrete cytokines that induce phagocytic engulf kill bacterial this study, we asked whether activation of Ag-specific results nonspecific killing bystander bacteria during mixed infection. Mice with epitope-specific memory were coinfected two isogenic strains recombinant Listeria monocytogenes differ...