The blockchain is the distributed ledger technology, and unchangeability main feature. However, scalability hindered to satisfy characteristic. Nowadays, there are more attempts put many applications on block-chains, but problems in actual use, for example, low number of processing transactions per second (tps). Since solving these can increase performance reduce cost, solve them one most important issues blockchain; And it called issue. In this paper, we analyze methods that various into...

Fibrillar amyloid aggregates are the pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The amyloid-β (1-42) protein, in particular, is a major component senile plaques brains patients with Alzheimer's disease and primary target for treatment. Determining essential domains that facilitate its oligomerization critical development aggregation inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. In this study, we identified three key hydrophobic sites (17LVF19, 32IGL34, 41IA42) on...

With the development of blockchain technology, participants need to have huge storage volumes deal with growing ledger size over time. This requirement leads conditional participation and verification participants, thus weakening decentralization a system. Several compression schemes been proposed mitigate this problem by compressing based on redundancy, modular functions, hash functions. However, these limitation accumulating results validate retained blocks. The accumulation gradually...

Space–air–ground-integrated networks (SAGINs) are receiving a lot of attention as candidate for an extension to nonterrestrial beyond the limit terrestrial networks. SAGIN can be means satisfy various Quality Service (QoS) by providing several communication links in different characteristics. To fully utilize advantage SAGIN, protocol informing user equipment (UE) appropriate base station layer is needed according QoS requirements. In addition, development should consider characteristics UE....

Sensor clustering and trajectory optimization are a hot topic for last decade to improve energy efficiency of wireless sensor network (WSN). Most existing studies assume that the is uniformly deployed or all regions in WSN coverage have same level interest. However, even WSN, areas with high probability disaster will form “hotspot” more sensors densely placed order be sensitive environmental changes. The hole can serious if formulated without considering hotspot. Therefore, we need devise...

This study addresses the challenge of high power collision rates in Grant-Free Non-Orthogonal Random Access (GF-NORA) for ultra-massive machine-type communication (umMTC) ultra-dense networks (UDN). We analyze impact and inter-cell interference, defining key factors affecting successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding failure. To tackle problem, we propose a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) framework, QMIX algorithm, with joint optimization access control power-level...

The combination of software-defined networking (SDN) and satellite-ground integrated networks (SGINs) is gaining attention as a key infrastructure for meeting the granular quality-of-service (QoS) demands next-generation mobile communications. However, due to unpredictable nature end-user requests limited resource capacity low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, improper Virtual Network Function (VNF) deployment can lead significant increases in end-to-end (E2E) delay. To address this challenge,...

Blockchain is a distributed, reliable, and secure ledger that maintains data by consensus among network participants. The algorithms provide reliability but increase the processing time. In this paper, we propose multi-block algorithm based on Byzantine Fault Tolerance to enhance throughput. key point of proposed primary propagates disjoint-transaction sets other replicas. After receiving propagated blocks, replicas verify propagation part content blocks. As sharing verifying result, could...

Owing to the nature of battery-operated sensors, residual energy their battery should be considered when a sink node collects sensory data from them. If attempts collect sensor that does not have sufficient transmit data, utilization wireless communication resources may degraded. However, requiring periodic report sensors considerably reduces efficiency Consequently, must able estimate without additional information exchange before attempting data. To tackle this problem, we propose...

Cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) provides flattened spectral efficiency throughout the network. Recently, multi-CPU CF-mMIMO (MC-CF-mMIMO) has been considered for addressing a scalability problem. However, MC-CF-mMIMO now suffers from performance degradation problem in boundary of CPU overage, referred CPU-edge. In this study, we analyze and improve MC-CF-mMIMO, focusing on First, present simple cooperation scheme to mitigate Then, provide closed-form expression downlink according precoding...

The mobility of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites causes the LEO satellite network to experience topology changes. Topology change includes periodic that occurs naturally and unpredictable due instability inter-satellite link between satellites. Periodic frequent change, requiring massive communications throughout route convergence. have limited onboard power because they operate on batteries. waste resources shortens lifespan satellite, achieving stable end-to-end transmission is challenging...

With the growing interest in Internet of Things (IoT), research on massive machine-type communication (mMTC) services is being actively promoted. Because mMTC are required to serve a large number devices simultaneously, lack resources during initial access can be significant problem when providing cellular networks. Various studies efficient preamble transmission have been conducted solve random services. However, supporting simultaneously with limited challenging problem. In this study, we...

Contrastive learning of sentence representations has achieved great improvements in several natural language processing tasks. However, the supervised contrastive model trained on inference (NLI) dataset is insufficient to elucidate semantics sentences since it prone make a prediction based heuristics. Herein, by using ParsEVAL and word overlap metric, shown that pairs NLI have strong syntactic similarity propose framework compensate for this problem two aspects. 1) Apply simple...

With the development of IoT technology, 6G defines ultra-massive machine type communication (umMTC) as a core service type. Since umMTC in is composed huge number devices and various types, an efficient random access (RA) scheme for massive required. We study that maximizes successful RA ratio by applying multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) delay-constrained environment. define necessary information optimal strategy describe how to obtain with machine-type device (MTCD) grouping...

Federated learning (FL) is a novel paradigm that addresses the privacy leakage challenge of centralized learning. However, in FL, users with non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) characteristics can deteriorate performance global model. Specifically, model suffers from weight divergence owing to non-IID data. To address aforementioned challenge, we propose diffusion strategy machine (ML) (FedDif) maximize FL In FedDif, spread local models neighboring over D2D communications....

Massive connection of machine-type communications devices is one major issues for next-generation wireless technologies. In particular the contention-based random access method used in long-term evolution has many difficulties to support massive scenario This paper investigates limitations which currently cellular networks difficult apply network. firstly described procedure evolution. also describes technology with respect collision probability and quality-of-service degradation due...

In this paper, we investigate the spatial-wideband effects in cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) systems mmWave bands. The utilization of frequencies brings challenges such as signal attenuation and need for denser networks like ultra-dense (UDN) to maintain communication performance. CF-mMIMO is introduced a solution, where distributed access points (APs) transmit signals central processing unit (CPU) joint processing. offers advantages reducing non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions overcoming...

Attention mechanisms have become a crucial aspect of deep learning, particularly in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, tasks such as constituency parsing, attention can lack the directional information needed to form sentence spans. To address this issue, we propose Bidirectional masked and N-gram span (BNA) model, which is designed by modifying capture explicit dependencies between each word enhance representation output vectors. The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art...

Cellular networks face a significant problem of high preamble collision rates due to numerous machine-type communication devices (MTCD) attempting connect. Moreover, addressing the issue reducing rate while satisfying various types Quality-of-Service (QoS) has become even more challenging. A Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN) can be good solution reduce meeting QoS MTCDs. To address this issue, network selection scheme is proposed in paper. The consists dynamic Access class barring...

6G has defined ultra-massive machine type communication (umMTC) as a key scenario in response to the advancement of IoT technologies. The presence large number machine-type devices (MTCDs) umMTC calls for research efficient random access (RA) schemes. To address problem high collision rates dense networks, group-based RA approach been introduced. In approach, we design an optimal congestion control method minimize Age Information (AoI). Since AoI and rate are trade-off relationship, aim...