Abstract Observations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) carbon and its biophysical drivers have been collected at the AmeriFlux site in Morgan‐Monroe State Forest (MMSF) Indiana, USA since 1998. Thus, this is one few deciduous forest sites world, where a decadal analysis on productivity (NEP) trends possible. Despite large interannual variability NEP, observations show significant increase over past 10 years (by an annual increment about g C m −2 yr −1 ). There evidence that trend can be...

Abstract Two deep‐sea moorings were deployed 780 km off the coast of southern Taiwan for 4–5 months during 2010 typhoon season. Directional wave spectra, wind speed and direction, momentum fluxes recorded on two Extreme Air‐Sea Interaction buoys close passage Severe Tropical Storm Dianmu three tropical cyclones (TCs): Typhoon Fanapi, Super Megi, Chaba. Conditions sampled include significant heights up to 11 m speeds 26 s −1 . Details varied large‐scale spectral structure in frequency...

Abstract One of the scientific objectives U.S. Office Naval Research–sponsored Impact Typhoons on Ocean in Pacific (ITOP) campaign was improved understanding air–sea fluxes at high wind speeds. Here authors present first-ever direct measurements momentum recorded typhoons near surface. Data were collected from a moored buoy over 3 months during 2010 typhoon season. During this period, three and tropical storm encountered. Maximum 30-min sustained speeds above 26 m s−1 recorded. are presented...

Abstract Direct observations of ocean temperatures and air‐sea energy exchange underneath three typhoons a tropical storm encountered in the Philippine Sea during 2010 Pacific typhoon season are examined. Data reported from two buoys 180 km apart with recorded to 150 m wind speeds up 26 s −1 . A detailed examination cold wakes is used determine mechanisms though which cools. The result show that net cooling varied between storms by orders magnitude, accounting for 9 1000 MJ −2 heat loss,...

Abstract Harvey entered the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression on 23 August 2017; two days later it had strengthened to category 1 hurricane. Over following 30 hr rapidly intensified, reaching Texas Bight 3 storm. This intensification continued while crossed shelf, making landfall 4 storm 60 km east Corpus Christi, TX 26 August. A hydrographic survey weeks prior shows that cyclone heat potential across was approximately 35 kJ/cm 2 , which is 55 less than amount upper ocean normally...

Abstract The exchange of momentum across the air-sea interface is a key driver earth system and its accurate parameterization essential for precise weather climate forecasting. However, our understanding gustiness as an independent factor that can contribute to flux limited. Using data collected from R/P FLIP , part Couple Air-Sea Processes Electromagnetic ducting Research (CASPER) experiment, we explored mechanisms by which contributes total interfacial flux. We investigate how affects both...

<title>Abstract</title> Whitecap foam, created by breaking waves, is a ubiquitous ocean surface feature. Full understanding of its role in the air-sea interaction crucial for precise momentum flux parameterization which directly influences forecast accuracy, especially hurricanes where whitecaps are pervasive. Despite importance, whitecap foam remains largely unexplored. This study uses wind-wave tank and an artificial generator to impact residual on coupling. We find that reduces flux,...

Abstract Surface gravity waves are formed by kinetic energy transfer across the air‐sea interface. Significant improvements have been made in understanding influence of wind on input waves. However, impact gustiness remains underexplored, and little is known about mechanisms through which gusts alter wavy surface. In this study, we utilize three‐months observational data collected during 2010 Impact Typhoons Ocean Pacific experiment to investigate relationship between gustiness. Results show...

The Southern Ocean, while widely acknowledged as playing a major role within the Earth's climate system, remains most poorly sampled and understood of world's ocean basins. High Latitude Surface Flux Working Group U.S. CLIVAR (Climate Variability Predictability, part World Climate Research Programme) has accordingly identified key priority need for further measurements in Ocean. During 2008 Ocean Gas Exchange experiment, an Air‐Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoy was deployed to measure air‐sea...

Abstract This paper describes the new Extreme Air–Sea Interaction (EASI) buoy designed to measure direct air–sea fluxes, as well mean properties of lower atmosphere, upper ocean, and surface waves in high wind wave conditions. The design its associated deep-water mooring are discussed. performance EASI during 2010 deployment off Taiwan, where three typhoons were encountered, is summarized.

Abstract Direct flux measurements of stress direction taken at the ocean surface during Typhoon Chaba (2010) over 3 days are examined for wind speeds between 12 and 26.5 m s −1 . Results show deviated up to 35° from resided predominantly peak wave directions in both bimodal unimodal seas. Off‐wind angle was most pronounced Chaba's wake where sea swell created an apparent system with narrow directional spread. These conditions lasted 2 which midway directions. The implications tropical...

Abstract Open‐ocean homogeneity is violated in the near shore region by wave shoaling and breaking, varying wind‐swell incidence angles, complex currents patterns, rapid bathymetric changes, shore‐side topographic features. Consequently, existing drag coefficient parameterizations, which were largely developed deep water, are not effective. This has an adverse impact on marine forecasts, weather climate models, coastal morphology prediction. There exists a critical need to identify...

Abstract Quantifying active and residual whitecap fractions separately can improve parameterizations of air‐sea fluxes associated with breaking waves. We use data from a multi‐instrumental field campaign on Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) to simultaneously capture the signatures whitecaps at visible, infrared (IR), microwave wavelengths using, respectively, video camera, mid‐IR radiometer 10 GHz. present results processing analyzing IR images correlating this information radiometric time...

Abstract Strong winds in tropical cyclones (TCs) mix the ocean, causing cooler water from below thermocline to be drawn upward, reducing sea surface temperature (SST). This decreases air–sea difference, limits available heat energy, and impacts TC intensity. Part of forecast accuracy therefore depends upon ability predict cooling; however, it is not well understood how underlying ocean conditions contribute this cooling. Here, ~4400 Argo profiles Gulf Mexico were used a principal component...

The exchange of momentum across the air–sea boundary is an integral component earth system and its parametrization essential for climate weather models. This study focuses on impact gustiness flux using three months direct observations from a moored surface buoy. Gustiness, which quantifies fluctuations wind speed direction, shown to fluxes. First, we put forward new formula that simultaneously evaluates in direction speed. A critical threshold established cumulative density function...

Whitecap foam generated by wind-driven wave breaking is distinguished as either active (stage A) or residual B). Discrimination of whitecap stages essential to quantify the influence whitecaps on physical and chemical processes at marine boundary layer. This study provides a novel method identify based visible imagery using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Data used are from Gulf Mexico cruise where collocated infrared (IR) cameras simultaneously recorded whitecaps. IR images were processed...