Abstract The gravity model is used extensively to investigate the trade flow effects of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). A notable feature common previous research use aggregate data. These studies typically report conflicting, and even negative results effect RTAs on members' trade. Using recent developments in equation suggested by Baier Bergstrand (2007) Anderson van Wincoop (2003), this article demonstrates that RTA depend fundamentally whether analysis focuses agricultural or...

Empirically assessing sanitary and phytosanitary regulations has proven difficult because most data sources indicate whether a regulation exists but provide no information on the type or importance of respective measure. In this article, we construct novel database U.S. measures match these to 47 fresh fruit vegetable product imports from 89 exporting countries over period 1996–2008. A product‐line gravity equation that accounts for zero trade flows is developed investigate impact different...

Interfering maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides with agricultural trade is becoming important food and policies in the early 21st century. Differing levels pesticide residues among countries have potential to disrupt significantly. We employ a non-linear disaggregated stringency index quantify degree of regulatory heterogeneity between trading nations fruits vegetables 2013 2014 investigate trade-restricting nature this measure using structural gravity framework. Our findings...

Abstract We estimate the ex‐post agricultural trade impacts of retaliatory measures imposed by foreign countries in response to United States' Section 232 and 301 tariffs using a theoretically consistent, monthly, product line gravity equation. Retaliation led significant US export losses $13.5 $18.7 billion on an annualized basis. Considerable heterogeneity exists average treatment effect retaliation. First, actions presented strong within‐year seasonal impact. Nearly 70% aggregate occurred...

Recent empirical studies have estimated the trade flow effect of membership in World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor, General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT). One important, although largely untested, conclusion from this literature is that GATT/WTO works well if we ignore agriculture ‐ one institutions seemingly apparent failures. This article investigates using a large panel agricultural non‐agricultural flows. The results are impressive: multilateral institution has delivered...

Recent contributions to the theoretical and empirical trade literature emphasize channels by which exporting occurs duration survival rates of relationships. However, for agricultural trade, few studies have considered factors affecting export survival. This article identifies fresh fruit vegetable exports U.S. market, including sanitary phytosanitary (SPS) policy regulations. The main findings can be summarized as follows. First, our preferred model with exporter binary variables indicates...

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are not new, but their significance in international agrifood trade continues to grow. Much less is known about the trade-restricting potential of these because difficulty identifying when SPS regulations exist how what extent they applied. We develop a novel database treatments affecting United States exports nine fresh fruits vegetables formal econometric model investigate traderestricting nature measures. The results suggest that generally reduce...

Recovery Colleges support recovery for adults with mental health problems, through coproduction and education principles. This study aimed to determine whether students at three in England were representative of service users.Gender, age, ethnicity, diagnosis, involuntary detention, inpatient admission extracted from clinical records. Data all user enrolled, those who had attended 70% a College course compared services caseloads, using chi-square goodness-of-fit tests.Clinical records...

Abstract A highly disaggregated, “tariff line,” source‐differentiated, partial equilibrium model of U.S. specialty cheese imports is developed to investigate reform options for tariff‐rate quotas (TRQs). mixed‐complementarity framework used represent bilateral and most favored nation (MFN) tariff quotas. The impacts liberalizing via MFN quota expansions, out‐of‐quota cuts, simultaneous liberalization scenarios are evaluated. We find that the path quite different, depending on approach...

Increased fresh tomato trade has prompted a number of disputes between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. One precondition an antidumping dispute is meeting “likeness product” criterion. However, shipments imports are highly seasonal, suggesting that degree substitutability (or product likeness) may depend fundamentally on whether varieties in‐ or out‐of‐season. We develop seasonally adjusted inverse demand system using Canadian Mexican monthly import data along with U.S. state shipping...

A technique involving a compact apparatus that combines the phase mask and two-beam interferometric techniques is presented. It involves use of to diffract ultraviolet (UV) beam cylindrical lens combined with pair mirrors produce two symmetric virtual line sources UV light. Bragg wavelength bandwidth fiber gratings can be controlled simple translation and/or mask. Using 40-mw continuous-wave frequency-doubled argon-ion laser at 244 mm single mask, series chirped in wide range around 600 nm...

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Regional integration arrangements have been the subject of considerable debate dating back to 1950’s when Jacob Viner published his work on “customs union issue” - an era known as “first regionalism.” More recent growth in regional trade agreements (RTAs) has again sparked interests economic researchers. For example, over last ten years US signed 13 free agreements. The EU successfully increased its membership from 6 members 1986 25 December 2002. Other examples...

Abstract The proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has motivated a significant number ex post econometric studies investigating their agricultural impacts. general conclusion is that RTAs increase members’ by as much 150%, on average. In this article, we demonstrate previous empirical work likely misrepresents the impact because considerable heterogeneity in depth economic integration pursued these agreements. Contrary to studies, results reveal are not universally creating, and...

The WTO negotiations broke down on July 30th, 2008 because members could not bridge their differences over the operation of a Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM). This article evaluates latest SSM proposal using world wheat market as our case study. Whether low-income should be allowed to breach pre-Doha bound tariffs is key element analysis. leads sizeable additional duties but very trade distorting, even when rates are breached. Moreover, extent which countries exceed depends heavily product...

Abstract General equilibrium (GE) models have been criticized because of policy aggregation issues. Partial (PE) can be more disaggregated but do not account for the economy‐wide effects from trade reform. In this article, we illustrate a methodology that combines fully disaggregated, subsector model with standard GE framework permitting us to extend analysis tariff line. We offer some insight into errors implicit in analyses by comparing our PE/GE approach only under global dairy...

Although recent data collection have revealed a large and diverse universe of non-tariff measures (NTMs), identification quantification these remain elusive. While much has been written on the subject, extant literature unable to effectively diagnose most critical areas NTM concern, sorting out how what extent trade effects vary across different types measures, development suitable framework address policies in multilateral regional arenas. The purpose this paper is shed new light landscape...

We extend general equilibrium (GE) analysis to the “tariff line” by embedding a detailed, partial (PE) model of global dairy sector into GE framework. A mixed-complementarity formulation PE is used represent bilateral and multilateral trade policy within broader framework with US import protection as our focal point. The impact liberalizing imports via tariff-rate quota expansions, out-of-quota tariff cuts, simultaneous liberalization scenarios evaluated. find that path quite different,...

Summary The Codex Alimentarius, or ‘food code’, was established to set international standards ensure the safety and quality of food agricultural products while at same time creating a level playing field for trade. However, less is known about duration setting process in committees, extent which trade impacted when are delayed versus cases adoption accelerated. This article reviews evaluates three case studies were rapidly adopted: Sulphur Dioxide ( SO 2 ) levels cinnamon; melamine milk...

U.S. agriculture has been caught in the crossfire of a multi-country, multi-product trade dispute. This article reviews current state 2018–2019 agricultural and offers one-year evaluation ex post impacts retaliatory tariffs imposed by China, European Union (EU), Turkey, Mexico, Canada.