On April 12, 2015, three Baltimore police officers arrested a 25-year-old African American named Freddie Gray, on the suspicion of possessing switchblade knife.A video recording arrest shows Gray screaming in pain as he is being dragged into van.Sometime during sustained spinal cord injury.Four days later died. 1 Gray's funeral was held two weeks at Shiloh Baptist Church Baltimore.In afternoon that day crowd young Americans, coordinated through social media, gathered front Mondawmin Shopping...

It is commonly thought that when democratic states act wrongly, they should bear the costs of harm cause. However, since are collective agents, their financial burdens pass on to individual citizens. This fact raises important questions about proper distribution state’s responsibility for its unjust policies. article identifies two opposing models sharing this in democracies: first, proportion citizens’ personal association with policy; second, by giving each citizen an equal share costs....

Abstract The principle of wrongful benefits prescribes that beneficiaries from wrongdoing incur duties towards the victims wrongdoing. focuses on involuntary beneficiaries, demanding they disgorge their tainted benefit. However, it overlooks who are not straightforwardly involuntary. article addresses this gap in literature. It explores ‘voluntary beneficiaries’, could avoid receiving benefit; and ‘welcoming cannot benefit but welcome it. demonstrates both cases, beneficiary victim original...

Towards the end of her seminal work on notion representation Hanna Pitkin makes following observation: At Second World War and during Nuremberg trials there was much speculation about war guilt German people. […] Many people might argue responsibility even though a Nazi government not representative. We agree, however, that in case representative would be more clear-cut.

Abstract Recent literature suggests that organizational entities, such as states and business corporations, can qualify moral agents. Does it follow that, members of our community, group agents are entitled to protections? This article explores the connection between groups’ agency rights. I argue corporate does not, in itself, ground a group’s claim for protections. Nevertheless, agent be derivative rights protections, which attach itself but grounded interests individuals, members....

Some believe that the mere beneficiaries of wrongdoing others ought to disgorge their tainted benefits. Others deny claim. Both sides this debate concentrate on unavoidable others, who are presumed themselves be innocent by virtue fact they have neither contributed wrong nor could avoided receiving benefit. But as we show, presumption is mistaken for intend in certain ways benefit from wrongdoing, and therefore done something forming acting such an intention.

Cosmopolitan justice calls for extensive institutional transformations at the international level. But in absence of a global enforcing authority, such are bound to be hampered by range obstacles, including non-compliance and coordination problems. What solutions can cosmopolitan thinker offer address these challenges? In answering this question, paper focuses on role that cooperation between world's democracies play promoting aspirations. It argues has crucial executing reforms;...