By means of electrospraying a dilute polymer solution into an evaporation chamber, negative macroions can be produced and molecular beam formed by sampling the gaseous mixture macroions, solvent, nitrogen molecules with nozzle-skimmer system Kantrowitz–Gray type. The macroion current detected Faraday cage after light ions have been repelled from voltages on repeller grid. Theoretical which best agree observed are those calculated assuming velocity within 2% estimated supersonic 743 m sec−1....

Bombardment of quartz or vitreous silica by positive ions produces a surface layer altered refractive index whose depth and is found from reflection coefficient measurements at 650 m\ensuremath{\mu}, 600 550 500 450 m\ensuremath{\mu}. The depths the changes in versus integrated flux are given for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{A}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ with energies 7.5 kev to 59 kev. All...

The phenomenon of electrostatic atomization and the process spray painting are analyzed to show role various physical parameters. charging an individual fluid jet in field investigated detail. Experimental data presented for quantities such as drop size charge per unit mass drops under typical conditions also single jets. Approximate formulas given which relate these properties electrical fields system.

Bombardment of a silica-soda-lime glass (nD=1.5246) by more than 5×1016 A+ ions/cm2 with an energy 33.5 kev reduces the reflection coefficient to 0.36 its normal value for light wavelength λ=0.6 μ. The change in is attributed formation altered layer. For bombardment 40-kev ions, layer has thickness 0.095 μ and effective refractive index 1.343. depth determined ion agrees approximately theoretical range incident ions. integrated flux positive ions type ion. magnitude employed here shown be...

Abstract The use of peracetic acid (PAA) as a general disinfectant has seen increasing usage in recent years, and although it is strong irritant, exposure monitoring for PAA may often be difficult due to relatively high costs the potential interferences by other co-occurring chemicals such hydrogen peroxide. These issues with make modeling potentially useful tool assessment if model parameters can accurately determined. This study estimates time-varying mass emission rate using small spill...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGas Phase MacroionsMalcolm Dole, R. L. Hines, Mack, C. Mobley, D. Ferguson, and M. B. AliceCite this: Macromolecules 1968, 1, 96–97Publication Date (Print):January 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60001a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60001a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views460Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle...

Abstract The contrast for gold due to single atoms, flat clusters of 3 and 7 atoms a double layer cluster 19 is calculated as function defocus including the effect spherical aberration. exact complex scattering factor used imaginary part on image investigated both clusters. atom found agree with an experimental graphite. calculations also investigate phase plate upon

Experimental values for the sputtering of quartz by xenon positive ions at flux densities 2×1015 ions/cm2 sec in a vacuum 10−5 mm Hg are found measuring volume sputtered cavity means interference fringe contours. The ratios 0.706±0.061 20 kev, 0.85±0.13 30 1.78±0.13 40 1.74±0.12 50 and 1.31±0.09 60 kev. technique measurement contours has an accuracy ±2×10−8 cc is estimated to have ultimate ±10−10 cc.

The critical angle for channeling in the low-energy region is measured ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions transmitted through single-crystal gold foils. It found that theoretical calculation by Lindhard fits experimental points within errors if constant $C$ given value 2.15. No difference between ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ ions. to be 1.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 times larger than or of same energy.

Radiation damage in diamond due to bombardment by 20-keV ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$ ions is observed from measurements of the optical reflection and transmission coefficients at wavelengths 450, 500, 550, 600, $650 {m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. These are analyzed obtain depth, refractive index, absorption coefficient bombarded layer. The found be specimen-dependent with a typical increase index 0.10 an 0.065 per vacuum wavelength, for 9.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$...

Experimental values of penetration depths positive ions in quartz obtained from measurements reflection coefficient versus wavelength are compared with theoretical predictions. Measurements the change refractive index as a function energy dissipated per unit volume shown to give experimental for ratio loss due displacement collisions thickness ionization thickness. The agrees From ionization, it is found that cross sections scattering valence electrons by field incident atoms an order...

The transmitted intensity of ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions through gold crystals in the forward direction is measured as a function crystal orientation for energies near 15 keV. have (100) are mounted goniometer which can tilt foil normal up to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} away from incident beam rotate about its normal. detector be tilted relative maximum angle 58\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Pronounced peaks found at low-index directions. Both directional...

Diffusion coefficients for the diffusion of zinc in 10% Zn — 90% Cu single crystals are determined both irradiated samples and unirradiated samples. This is accomplished by measuring lost from when they heated a vacuum 3×10−5 mm Hg at temperatures 207°C to 316°C. The loss measured observing change optical reflection coefficient wavelength 550 mμ. length (Dt)½ then found using known constants ZnCu alloys expected concentration distribution. lengths thus obtained range 20 1000 A. Bombardment...

The electrodisintegration of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ has been investigated for total electron energies from 29.5 Mev to 81.5 by a stacked-foil experiment using the internal beam synchrotron. value $\overline{F}$, which is essentially ratio photon induced foil activity activity, found be 8.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.54 at Mev, 5.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.36 46.5 5.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25 63.5 4.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05...

Thin gold crystals are prepared by vapor deposition in an ion-pumped vacuum system onto (100) silver surfaces on rocksalt. The continuity of 15-Å-thick carbon-backed is investigated the electron microscope for different growth conditions. Specimens made at thicknesses show that thinnest stable with areas 1000 Å diameter free holes about 9 thick. Diffracted beam intensities measured and used kinematical diffraction contrast theory to obtain independent measurement crystal thickness.

The thin gold films are evaporated in an ultrahigh vacuum system onto clean and air-contaminated rocksalt crystals at liquid-nitrogen temperature. structure orientation of the deposits investigated with electron microscope. changes film topology during warmup to room temperature, caused by surface diffusion, can effectively be prevented covering a carbon layer immediately after their deposition 80°K. Comparison stripped carbon-covered those examined transmission through thinned-down areas...

The nucleation rate of gold on the cleavage face muscovite mica in UHV was studied as a function substrate temperature for 403°–515°K and impinging flux 0.6–1.8×1013 cm−2 sec−1. This range values selected to yield growth conditions consistent with analysis data terms atomistic theory Walton. Gold evaporated from wire maintained at below melting point positioned near so that various regions were exposed different fluxes accurately known relative values. subsequently thinned examined by...

SUMMARY Graphite films which are free of adhesive contamination prepared by glueing a crystal to an coated grid and then cleaving away the top graphite layers with tape. The final in centres openings do not come into contact at any time during preparation process. few tens nanometres or less thickness large areas uniform easily produced.

Abstract Significant enhancement can be obtained for electron microscope image contrast of amorphous specimens if the are supported on thin crystals and viewed in vicinity bend contours crystal support. The enhanced is due to ability support attenuate unscattered waves shift phase either or scattered from specimen. effects significant specimen scatters appreciably through angles excess (gξg)−1, which 1 mradian 110 graphite crystals. Experimental results presented carbon disks about 500 Å...

Groups of gold clusters consisting a large main cluster and smaller satellite within few tens angstroms the are nucleated from vapor on cleavage face muscovite mica in ultra-high vacuum. The satellites seen for low nucleation densities which random occurrence such close formations is extremely unlikely. dependence average frequency per upon substrate temperature flux examined. In addition, relationship between observation diameters with studied fixed evaporation conditions. tentatively...