People are generally unaware of the operation system cognitive mechanisms that ameliorate their experience negative affect (the psychological immune system), and thus they tend to overestimate duration affective reactions events. This tendency was demonstrated in 6 studies which participants overestimated dissolution a romantic relationship, failure achieve tenure, an electoral defeat, personality feedback, account child's death, rejection by prospective employer. Participants failed...

Whereas past researchers have treated targets of stereotypes as though they uniform reactions to their stereotyped status (e.g., J. Crocker & B. Major, 1989; C. M. Steele Aronson, 1995), it is proposed here that differ in the extent which expect be by others (i.e., stigma consciousness). Six studies, 5 validate stigma-consciousness questionnaire (SCQ), are presented. The results suggest SCQ a reliable and valid instrument for detecting differences consciousness. In addition, scores on...

Three studies were conducted to assess the proposition that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. In Study 1, it was hypothesized raising would reduce anxiety in response vivid images of death. support this hypothesis, Ss who received positive personality feedback reported less a video about death than did neutral Ss. Studies 2 and 3, increasing among individuals anticipating painful shock. Consistent with both success reduced Ss' physiological arousal subsequent threat Thus,...

The authors introduce the construct of I-sharing-the belief that one shares an identical subjective experience with another person-and role it plays in liking.In Studies 1-3, participants indicated their liking for objectively similar and dissimilar person, whom I-shared them other did not.Participants preferred person but only when them.Studies 4 5 highlight feelings existential isolation need closeness play people's attraction to I-sharers.In Study 4, people high needs interpersonal...

Increases in stigma consciousness since arriving at a primarily White college could predict the performance and self‐esteem of academically stigmatized. After reviewing relevant research, authors report on study which 44 stigmatized (African Americans Latinos/Latinas) 79 nonstigmatized (Whites Asian Americans) students completed measures consciousness, GPA, disengagement from academics, self‐esteem. Among males, increases predicted lower GPAs greater disengagement. Although females had low...

Abstract Targets of stigma encounter more than their fair share disrespect from others. Moreover, targets who chronically attend to stigmatized status exhibit a heightened sensitivity these displays (Pinel, 2004). A longitudinal study investigates this perceived lack respect as it relates work-related attitudes and behavior. Female staff workers indicated consciousness levels with being worker woman, the extent which they felt respected by people serve, intentions leave job. Two years later...

This study adds to tests of the construct validity stigma consciousness by asking if people high in demonstrate a greater tendency than low make attributions discrimination. In that approached this question from both an individual difference and situational perspective, women or made for negative evaluation, ostensibly written male peer. Under control conditions, trait demonstrated less discrimination consciousness. When they experienced situationally induced increase consciousness, however,...

Psychologists have devoted substantial attention to social isolation and loneliness but only recently psychologists begun consider existential isolation. Existential is a unique form of interpersonal isolation, related to, distinct from Feeling existentially isolated the subjective sense one alone in one's experience, that others cannot understand perspective. In current paper, we propose conceptual model review relevant evidence. The proposes experience can be situational, context...

People typically underestimate their capacity to generate satisfaction with future outcomes. When people experience such self-generated satisfaction, they may mistakenly conclude that it was caused by an influential, insightful, and benevolent external agent. In three laboratory experiments, participants who were allowed outcomes especially likely agent had subliminally influenced choice of partners (Study 1), insight into musical preferences 2), intentions when giving them a stuffed animal...

Research on self–organization and psychological adjustment has produced equivocal results. Mixed findings may result from the shortcomings of common constructs—self–complexity, self–concept consistency, clarity. The present investigation examined intercorrelations among indices, as well association between these indices using cross–sectional prospective designs. results Study 1 suggest that self–complexity is two–dimensional, capturing both differentiation integration. However, traditional...

Believing one shares a subjective experience with another (i.e., I-sharing) fosters connections among strangers and alters perceptions of the ingroup outgroup. In this article, authors ask whether I-sharing also liking for members salient Study 1 establishes that promotes other sex, even people social identities. 2 shows member sexual orientation outgroup, it occurs before or after group memberships get revealed. 3 focuses on race categories looks at effects versus value-sharing as function...

Scholars have long debated stigma's effects on the psychological functioning of its targets, with some concluding that stigma does not harm self-esteem (Crocker & Major, 1989 Crocker , J. Major B. ( ). Social and self-esteem: The self-protective properties . Psychological Review 96 608 – 630 .[Crossref], [Web Science ®] [Google Scholar]), others taking opposite stance. We propose a resolution to this debate by applying theory objective self-awareness (Duval Wicklund, 1972 Duval S. Wicklund...

When 2 or more people believe that they are having an identical subjective experience, “I-share.” I-sharing fosters connectedness (Pinel, Long, Landau, Alexander, & Pyszczynski, 2006), overcomes group boundaries (Pinel 2012), and facilitates prosocial behaviors (Huneke Pinel, 2015; Johnson, 2014). After reviewing the construct of I-sharing, related existential isolation, pertinent data, we highlight applications this work to clinical realm. In particular, consider potential for improve...

Literature devoted to understanding the experiences of individuals who do not fit cultural mold—those belong minority, stigmatized, or underrepresented groups—demonstrates that nonnormative status goes hand in with a range negative outcomes. The current research considers heretofore unstudied correlate status: existential isolation (the feeling being alone one’s subjective experience), which differs from feelings interpersonal (feeling regard quantity quality relationships). Normative,...