Coke constitutes the major portion of iron‐making cost and its production causes severe environmental concerns. In addition, lower energy consumption, CO 2 emission waste recycling are driving Iron steel making industry to develop “coke free, zero or green processes”. present article, an overview possible ways recognize a reasonable improvement in iron is summarized. The discussion focusing on following approaches: Replacing expensive coke with relatively less alternate fuels having carbon...

In a journey of centuries, the ironmaking blast furnace has gone through many technological changes, which made it fit-for-purpose till today. However, for first time in history, its existence is being challenged by other iron making processes, due to high carbon footprint compared others. Many researchers are working on adapting existing process meet new challenges. Modelling played crucial role adaptations process. The present review been dedicated historical developments modelling. models...

In FY-20, India’s steel production was 109 MT, and it is the second-largest producer on planet, after China. per capita consumption of around 75 kg, which has risen from 59 kg in FY-14. Despite increase consumption, much lower than average global 230 kg. The one strongest indicators economic development across nation. Thus, India an ambitious plan increasing to 250 MT 160 by year 2030. Steel manufacturers can be classified based routes as (a) oxygen route (BF/BOF route) (b) electric...

Abstract Oxidation is a vital phenomenon for magnetite pellets in their excursion through the furnace during induration. One of pre-requisites to achieve homogeneously structured good quality have complete oxidation before sintering begins. Partially oxidized pellets, upon sintering, might result inhomogeneous which could be detrimental pellet quality. It necessary understand mechanisms responsible oxidation, and hence, it intended this study investigate experimentally as well develop...

Effects of electron beam oscillation techniques (sinusoidal, square, triangular, ramp, circle and elliptical) in controlling Nb segregation, Laves formation stress rupture behaviour Inconel 718 welds are studied. various post-weld heat treatments on compared. Elliptical technique resulted less segregation discontinuous fine the interdendritic regions compared with other unoscillated weld. Response to aging was better for made elliptical oscillated beam. Oscillated exhibited longer life than...

In the current work, dynamic studies of mass transfer sulfur from gas phase to metal pure iron through CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-FeO quaternary slag were carried out. X-ray videos taken that later processed identify oscillation drop occurring during transfer. It was observed had hybrid oscillations. Each these oscillations could be identified as composed a symmetric and an asymmetric element, which attributed changes in shape droplet. The latter (asymmetric part) by deviation left right contact angles...

A theoretical generic model describing the mass transfer phenomena between rising gas bubbles and a metal bath has earlier been developed by present authors, to predict composition change in melt as .consequence of blowing different oxidant gases.In order verify predictions, series experiments involving reactions Fe-Cr-C melts O 2 -CO mixtures were carried out.The results showed that decarburization deviates significantly from thermodynamic paths predicted on basis bulk compositions was able...

In secondary steelmaking, calcium treatment is practised to modify the solid alumina or spinel inclusions into liquid partially aluminates. It has been seen that dissolved reacts with sulfur oxygen present in steel form CaS CaO type of transient inclusions. Post-calcium these further react pre-existing and them. addition, direct modification also reported literature. study, laboratory-scale induction furnace-based experiments are carried out melt electrolytic iron an crucible followed by...

Desulfurisation of steel during ladle refining is governed by both thermodynamics and kinetics. For effective desulfurisation, thermodynamically, a low partial pressure oxygen at the steel-slag interface highly basic slag which possess large sulfide capacity are desired. Kinetically, mass transfer coefficient sulfur in liquid determines rate desulfurisation. A fast desulfurisation achieved maintaining sufficiently strong argon stirring melt. In present work, balance for was performed after...

The pellet qualities primarily depend upon the thermal profile and gaseous environment during induration. During induration of pellet, it undergoes physical as well chemical changes. Physical changes are mostly due to sintering carbon burning inside pellet. effect on is investigated a single scale using an optical dilatometer. Sintering complex process that involves transportation through various mechanisms. quantified in terms ratio kinetic parameter, exponent ‘n’, under isothermal...

In the present study, viscosity measurements on Fe–O–Si slags have been carried out using rotating cylinder method. The slag samples for measurement were prepared by pre-melting appropriate stoichiometric amounts of Fe, Fe2O3 and SiO2 in an iron crucible under argon atmosphere, which ensured that Fe ions predominantly valence state +2. viscosities pre-melted measured as well nickel crucibles atmosphere at different temperatures. values obtained two kinds found to be good agreement,...

A comparative study of the structure open-end (OE) and ring-spun yams from cotton man-made fibers has been carried out in this paper. It is shown that effective length yarn as represented by "fiber spinning- coefficient" significantly lower OE than ring yams. In yams, migrate a different way, mean fiber position amplitude migration are those conventional Preferential migra tion component generally observed considerably more homogeneously distributed across yam cross section. The significance...

Isothermal reduction of haematite carbon mixtures was investigated at temperatures 750–1100°C under inert atmosphere. Mass loss curves proved the stepwise to metallic iron. The non-linear feature magnetite kinetics observed and an activation energy 209 kJ mol−1 calculated. Irrespective carbon-bearing material type, rate linear. Activation values were calculated be 293–418 mol−1. Significant increase in last step (Wustite reduction) explained by catalytic effect freshly formed During initial...