The theoretical limit for small antenna performance that was derived decades ago by Wheeler and Chu governs design tradeoffs size, bandwidth, efficiency. Theoretical guidelines have also been other details of such as permittivity, aspect ratio, even the nature internal structure antenna. In this paper, we extract analyze experimental data from a large body published designs to establish several facts not previously demonstrated: (1) efficiency are validated all available evidence. (2)...

This article presents a wideband scalable 27–31-GHz 1024-element <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Ka$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band SATCOM transmit (TX) phased array with embedded RF drivers and reconfigurable polarization. The uses silicon TX beamformer (BF) chips printed stacked-patch antennas on an FR-4 based circuit board (PCB) to either linear, rotated circular clockwise, or...

This paper presents a 4 × transmit/receive (T/R) SiGe BiCMOS phased-array chip at 90-100 GHz with vertical and horizontal polarization capabilities, 3-bit gain control (9 dB), 4-bit phase control. The phased array fits into 1.6×1.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> grid, which is required 94 for wide scan-angle designs. has simultaneous receive (R <sub xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> ) beam...

This article presents a wideband scalable 17.7–20.2-GHz 1024-element <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band satellite communication (SATCOM) receive (Rx) phased array with reconfigurable polarization. The uses silicon Rx beamformer (BF) chips and low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) is able to either linear, rotated circular clockwise, or anticlockwise It demonstrates...

This article presents a 1024-element dual-polarized Ku-band (10.7-12.7 GHz) satellite communication (SATCOM) receive (RX) phased array. The array consists of four 16 ×16 subarray tiles, each which comprises 64 eight-channel beamformer chips, 256 dual-channel low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), and antennas built on an affordable printed circuit board (PCB). spaced at λ/2 spacing 12.2 GHz in equilateral triangular grid allow scanning up to x±70° all planes while maintaining cross-polarization level...

This article presents a 5G 37-42-GHz 8 × phased array. The array is based on 2 SiGe transmit/receive (TRX) beamformer chips in the technology with 6 bits of phase control and gain control. A detailed study presented, showing effects array-level amplitude errors radiated error vector magnitude (EVM) 64-element arrays. scans to ±60° azimuth plane ±50° elevation low sidelobes. measured peak effective isotropic power (EIRP) 51 dBm at Psat 3-dB bandwidth 36-41.5 GHz. 39-GHz communication system...

This article presents a Ku-band phased-array receive tile with 256 elements. The design is based on 64 dual-polarized beamformer chips assembled printed circuit board (PCB) antennas and an integrated Wilkinson combiner network can operate at any polarization (linear, rotated-linear, circular). elements are spaced 0.52λ apart 12.7 GHz in the x- y-directions. measured patterns show near ideal wide beam scanning range of ±70° (V- H-pol) high cross-polarization rejection 27 dB. array has 3-dB...

This article presents a 1024-element Ku-band phased-array transmitter for mobile satellite communications. The array is based on eight-channel transmit (TX) SiGe beamformer chips. Dual-polarized stacked-patch antennas enable the to synthesize linear, rotated-linear, and left- right-hand circular polarization. consists of four quadrants 256-element subarrays, each which has 64 chips driver chip assembled printed circuit board (PCB). achieves an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) 75 dBm...

This paper presents low-noise amplifiers (LNA) at X- and K-band frequencies in a 0.18- μm SiGe HBT technology. A method of noise match optimization with respect to base inductance LNA design large transistors is proposed. The measured LNAs result 1.2- 2.2-dB mean figure their frequency bands, an associated peak gain 24.2 19 dB 8.5 19.5 GHz, respectively. IIP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -11 -4 dBm 10 20 for power...

This paper presents a scalable 256-element Ka-band switchable dual-polarizrd phased-array SATCOM transmitter (TX). The can generate linear, rotated clockwise and counter-clockwise polarization which be selected by setting the phased shifters in beamformer chips. low-cost design uses FR-4 based printed circuit board (PCB), surface mount technology (SMT) silicon scan to ±60° elevation plane with 3-dB beamwidth of 7° 34.5 dBW EIRP at broadside. It has measured instantaneous axial-ratio...

This article presents an ultralow-profile and lightweight Ku-band transmit phased array with 256 dual-polarized antenna elements for SATCOM on-the-move (SOTM) terminals. The antennas are placed in a square grid <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> /2 spacing at 14 GHz. At normal incidence, the results measured effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of...

This paper presents the first built-in self-test system (BIST) for W-band transmit-receive phased-array modules. Low-loss high-isolation switches are attached to RF input and output ports using λ/4 transmission-line sections, which result in a high shunt impedance when BIST is disabled minimal penalty additional loss. A in-phase/quadrature down-conversion mixer/receiver with 0.5-dB amplitude 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

This paper presents a scalable 256-element Ku-band dual-polarized phased-Array SATCOM receiver. The array elements are spaced λ/2 apart at 12.25 GHz in the x and y directions. phased uses 64 silicon quad-core receive chips with 8 channels to feed 2×2 quad antennas. Those core-chip QFN packaged soldered directly on 12-layer low-cost printed circuit board integrated stacked patch antennas Wilkinson combiners. measured patterns of phased-array show near-ideal scan range ±70° E- H-planes low...

This paper presents a 24-29.5 GHz 256-element phased-array for 5G applications. The array is based on commercial 2×2 TRX beamformer chips, designed with SiGe BiCMOS technology, which employ 6 bits of phase control and 8 gain control. A symmetrical 1:64 Wilkinson network used to distributed the power all elements. can achieve -20 dB sidelobe levels after calibration, scan up ±60° in azimuth-plane ±50° elevation-plane. measured EIRP 63.5 dBm 65.5 at PldB Psat respectively, 3-dB bandwidth 5.5...

This paper presents a low-noise SiGe radiometer at 136 GHz developed in an IBM 90-nm BiCMOS technology. The consists of three-stage cascode amplifier with gain 36 dB, and differential output square-law detector, all on single chip. detector results responsivity 11 kV/W noise equivalent power (NEP) 0.6 pW/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> D-band frequencies. chip consumes 45 mW minimum NEP 1.4 fW/Hz peak 52 MV/W GHz....

This talk will present our latest work on silicon RFICs for phased-array applications with emphasis very large chips built-in-self-test capabilities 5G systems. SiGe is shown to be ideal mm-wave due its high temperature performance (automotive radars, base-stations, defense systems, etc.) and lower power consumption. These drastically reduce the cost of microwave millimeter-wave phased arrays by combining many elements same chip, together digital control some cases, high-efficiency antennas....

This paper presents a K-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) with measured mean noise figure of 2.2 dB at 16-24 GHz. The LNA is fabricated in 45 nm Semiconductor-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process. S-parameters result peak gain 19.5 20 GHz and S11 <; -10 design shows that SOI process can provide comparable performance GaAs SiGe devices. To the best authors' knowledge, this achieves lowest any

A built-in-self-test (BIST) system for wideband phase arrays channels is presented. The BIST implemented using an on-chip in-phase/quadrature (I/ Q) receiver with integrated ring oscillator that provides both the channel test signal and mixer local (LO). achieves accuracy relative gain measurements at 2-15 GHz a one-time self-correction algorithm eight LO phases. sequential determines I/ Q errors, such as dc offset, imbalances from outputs resulting different states. An rms power detector...

This paper presents a Ku-band dual-polarized transmit phased-array with 256-elements spaced λ/2 apart at 14 GHz in the x and y directions. The design is based on 64 silicon quad-core chips 8 channels, these are used to feed 2x2 quad antennas dual polarizations. output PldB per channel 12 dBm GHz. core-chips flipped directly 12-layer low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) stacked patch Wilkinson dividers. 256-element results measured EIRP of 64.5 66.5 Psat, respectively, normal incidence,...

This paper presents a 5G 39 GHz 8x8 phased array. The array is based on 2x2 TRX beamformer chips in SiGe technology with 6 bits of phase control and 8 gain control. Sixteen the are flipped low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) 1:16 wilkinson network. antenna designed stacked-patch structure has an impedance bandwidth 7 (35.5-42.5 GHz). phased-array measured EIRP 48-50 dBm at P1dB Psat 3-dB 36.5-42 GHz. can scan to +/-50° azimuth plane +/-45° elevation very low sidelobes, achieves <; -30 dB...

This paper presents a planar, 1024-element, Ku-band SATCOM transmit phased array. It can synthesize any polarization, such as linear, rotated-linear, left-hand and right-hand circular polarizations since it is constructed using dual-polarized antennas 8-channel silicon beamformers. The 1024-element array assembled four 256-element arrays, scalable in 2xN fashion. An antenna spacing of λ/2 at 14.4 GHz used an equilateral triangular grid, results ±70° beam steering all planes. Measurements...

This paper presents the design and implementation of dual channel Ku K band LNAs for SATCOM applications. The IC each consists two identical with a shared reference current separate supplu voltages as well RF inputs outputs. Chips are packaged using flip-chip-chip-scale-package (FCCSP) technology placed on PCBs connectorized characterization. Ku-Band LNA achieves minimum noise figure (NF) 1.3dB peak gain 25dB power consumption 11mW. K-Band 1.4dB 22dB while consuming 15mW. To best authors'...

This paper presents a scalable switchable dual-polarized 256-element Ka-band SATCOM transmit (TX) phased-array with embedded driver. The is based on 64 SiGe 8-channel TX beamformer chips and uses low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) surface mount technology (SMT). can clockwise counter-clockwise polarization which suitable for SATCOM. It demonstrates measured 6.8° 3-dB beamwidth, +32 dBW (+62 dBm) EIRP axis, greater than 25 dB cross-polar discrimination (XPD) the ability to scan ± 70° in all...

This paper presents a 4×4 transmit/receive SiGe BiCMOS phased array at 90-100 GHz with vertical and horizontal polarization capabilities, 3-bit amplitude 4-bit phase control. The fits into 1.6×1.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> grid, which is required 94 for wide scan-angle designs. accomplished using dual-nested 16:1 Wilkinson combiners/divider > 40 dB isolation between the dual-receive beams. Measurements show ±0.6...

This paper presents the state-of-the-art millimeter wave IC development for 5G communication systems in various frequency bands. 2×2 TRX beamformer IC's at 26, 28 and 39 GHz achieve <;2° RMS phase error, high channel-to-channel isolation, low-power consumption (<;250 mW TX <;200 RX modes, per channel), include fast T/R switching (<;100 ns), 4-level gain weighting memory access (<;30 ns) temperature reporting. Ultra-compact enable low-cost panel implementations as well modular cost effective...