Abstract Retention of skilled workers is essential for labour‐intensive organizations like hospitals, where an excessive turnover doctors and nurses can reduce the quality quantity services provided to patients. Exploiting a unique rich panel dataset based on employee‐level payroll staff survey records from universe English NHS we investigate empirically role played by two non‐pecuniary job factors, engagement retention complementary co‐workers, in affecting employee within public hospital...

During the past two centuries, western nations have successively extended voting franchise to citizens of lower income. We explain this process democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites wage war effectively on other nations, in strategic game international conflict handing over military spending decisions who face tax cost arming may confer delegation advantage. find supporting empirical evidence case studies extensions United Kingdom, France, and States.

We introduce and axiomatize a class of single‐winner contest success functions that embody the possibility draw. then analyze game our induce, having different prizes delivered in occurrence win identify conditions for existence uniqueness symmetric interior Nash equilibrium show efforts rent dissipation can be larger than Tullock (with no draw) due to increased competition even if draw‐prize is null. These results suggest designer may profit from introducing Finally, we this approach...

The effects of ethnic geography, i.e., the distribution groups across space, on economic, political and social outcomes are not well understood. We develop a novel index segregation that takes both spatial distances between individuals into account. Importantly, we can decompose this indices dispersion, generalized fractionalization, alignment distances. use maps traditional homelands, historical population density data, language trees to compute these four for more than 150 countries. apply...

We know little about how ethnic geography, i.e., the distribution of groups across space, shapes comparative economic, political and social development. To make progress to harness growing availability spatially explicit data, we need indices summarizing key aspects geography. develop axiomatize a novel index segregation that takes both spatial distances between individuals into account. can decompose this generalized fractionalization, dispersion, alignment distances. For our application,...

Abstract We propose a simple model of distribution economic activity across cities endogenous size and number determined by individual incentives. The individuals populating our are endowed with idiosyncratic entrepreneurial creativity, the realization which requires urban agglomeration linked to crowding cost. Focusing on dynamics development, predictions include U-shaped relation between well-known measures urbanization primacy, hypothesis that we test empirically using World Bank data....

The energy transition increases the demand for minerals from ethnically diverse, conflict-prone developing countries. We study whether and where mining is possible in such countries without raising risk of civil conflict. proceed three steps: First, we propose a theoretical model to predict occurrence location conflict events on territory country based spatial distribution ethnic groups resource rents. Second, verify predictive power this using granular data Sierra Leone confirm its broader...

We define and axiomatically characterize an index of ethnic stratification that measures the extent to which hierarchy in socio-economic positions across individuals a society follows ethnolinguistic lines. This generalizes idea between-group inequality situations where data on economic distances between pairs is available. estimator our takes form second order U-statistic has well-behaved statistical properties, we show empirically related low levels trust other people institutions at local...

We propose a simple model of distribution economic activity across cities endogenous size and number determined by individual incentives in the tradition threshold models social interaction. The individuals populating our are endowed with idiosyncratic entrepreneurial creativity realization which requires urban agglomeration linked to crowding cost. As latter is higher larger size, this leads trade-off between productivity congestion. While focus on distributive aspects comes at cost highly...