We examine the assertion that "reduction of wave packet," implicit in quantum theory measurement introduces into foundations physics a time-asymmetric element, which turn leads to irreversibility. argue this time assymmetry is actually related manner statistical ensembles are constructed. If we construct an ensemble symmetrically by using both initial and final states system delimit sample, then resulting probability distribution turns out be symmetric as well. The conventional expressions...

Share Icon Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Reprints and Permissions Cite Search Site Citation James L. Anderson, Peter G. Bergmann; Principles of Relativity Physics. Physics Today 1 December 1967; 20 (12): 79–80. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3034080 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Dropdown Menu input auto suggest filter your All ContentPhysics Advanced

In this paper we have considered certain problems which arise when one attempts to cast a covariant field theory into canonical form. Because of the invariance properties theory, identities exist between variables. To insure that is equivalent underlying lagrangian formalism must require these identities, once satisfied, will remain satisfied through course time. general, be true only if additional constraints are set We shown finite number such and they form function group. Our proof rests...

This is the first paper in a program concerned with quantization of field theories which are covariant respect to general coordinate transformations, like theory relativity. All these share property that existence and form equations motion direct consequence character equations. It hoped this type some divergences ordinarily encountered quantum can be avoided. The present lays classical foundation for program: examines formal properties equations, derives conservation laws, motion, canonical...

In this paper we propose a new model for the description of irreversible processes, which permits construction Gibbs-type ensemble and employment general techniques statistical mechanics. The internal dynamics system that is engaged in process assumed to be described fully by its Hamiltonian. Its interaction with driving reservoirs terms impulsive interactions (collisions). themselves possess definite temperatures, are inexhaustible, free gradients. obeys an integro-differential equation...

In the general theory of relativity, group coordinate transformations gives rise to four point-to-point conservation laws, which are usually identified with energy and linear momentum. presence a semiclassical Dirac field, it is convenient introduce at each point space-time an arbitrary set orthonormal vectors (quadrupeds, "beine") consider "bein" transformations, then play role local, nonholonomic lorentz transformations. A search for corresponding laws leads terms that have form spin...

The notion of observable in general relativity differs profoundly from the corresponding concept special and Newtonian physics. This is because fixation a frame reference gauge transformations are intertwined manner not encountered any other area In field theories an (local) component that gauge-invariant, such as electric strength at stated instant time given space point. Of course, functions, or functionals observables themselves observables.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. One to analyze the group-theoretical significance Dirac bracket and examine, in particular, apparent ambiguities presence both first-class second-class constraints. other prepare ground for utilization quantization generally covariant theories. It shown that represents commutator infinitesimal transformations phase space which are not canonical but form a group, they only preserve all constraints theory as well equations motion. This group possesses an...

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The components of the so-called canonical energy-stress pseudotensor in general relativity may be thought as generators infinitesimal coordinate transformations corresponding to a rigid parallel displacement origin, just Lorentz-covariant theories. In this paper it is shown that expressions, well expressions proposed by Landau and Lifshitz for angular momentum density, are all special cases an infinity conservation laws whose pseudovectors generate arbitrary curvilinear transformations. This...

By means of the methods geometrical optics, approximate formulae are being derived which correlate statistical properties inhomogeneities transmitting medium with fluctuations to be expected in signal level radiative energy. Through a further simplification obtained, it is possible predict dependence fluctuation on range without detailed knowledge parameters "micro-structure" medium.

In this paper, a covariant field theory of the general type relativity is brought into canonical form and then quantized. Particles are assumed to be represented as singularities field. Primarily, we had overcome two difficulties. First, variational integral should extended only over that space-time domain which free singularities. Since location singular world lines cannot known until after integration equations has been completed, have introduced second set coordinates---called...

In this paper, we have first examined the relationship between transformation properties of a (nonquantum) covariant field theory and its constraints, generating functionals, conservation laws, "superpotentials" purely within Lagrangian formalism indicated relevance these quantities for problem motion particles (singularities) in field. This discussion includes presentation actual methods computation important suitable very wide class theories. second part discussed probable structure...

In this paper we have given a specific example of Hamiltonian non-linear field theory, density completely free time derivatives. accordance with the general theory developed previously, is one constraints between canonical variables and, therefore, vanishes everywhere. To obtain function, methods that will also permit construction densities in any which Lagrangian quadratic first Our differs from obtained by Schild and Pirani they use Dirac's method to derive invariant but contains...

For the singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose to hold, stress-energy tensor matter must satisfy certain restrictions. A model is developed representing interior a collapsing, spherically symmetric cloud matter, which everywhere free singularities, due relaxation so-called "weak energy condition." The regions in condition be violated, properties result, are determined. indications that, at least cases involving very large masses, violated region where density no larger than normal...

Surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography (SD-ERT) surveys were repeatedly carried out to image [Formula: see text] injected at the pilot storage Ketzin, Germany. The experimental setup combines surface with downhole measurements by using a permanent electrode array that has been deployed in three wells. Two baseline experiments performed during site startup and repeat first year of CO 2 injection. By time third repeat, approximately 13,500 tons had into reservoir sandstones about...