Increasing soil salinity causes significant crop losses globally; therefore, understanding plant responses to salt (sodium) stress is of high importance. Plants avoid sodium toxicity through subcellular compartmentation by intricate processes involving a level elemental interdependence. Current technologies visualize sodium, in particular, together with other elements, are either indirect or lack resolution. Here we used the newly developed cryo nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry...

Abstract Recent advances in the neuromorphic operation of atomic switches as individual synapse‐like devices demonstrate ability to process information with both short‐term and long‐term memorization a single two terminal junction. Here it is shown that can be self‐assembled within highly interconnected network silver nanowires similar structure Turing's “B‐Type unorganized machine”, originally proposed randomly connected NAND logic gates. In these experimental embodiments, complex networks...

Efforts to emulate the formidable information processing capabilities of brain through neuromorphic engineering have been bolstered by recent progress in fabrication nonlinear, nanoscale circuit elements that exhibit synapse-like operational characteristics. However, conventional techniques are unable efficiently generate structures with highly complex interconnectivity found biological neuronal networks. Here we demonstrate physical realization a self-assembled device which implements basic...

Abstract Background Global warming is causing large-scale disruption of cnidarian-Symbiodiniaceae symbioses fundamental to major marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs. However, the mechanisms by which heat stress perturbs these symbiotic partnerships remain poorly understood. In this context, upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea has emerged a powerful experimental model system. Results We combined controlled experiment with isotope labeling and correlative SEM-NanoSIMS imaging show that host...

We explore the feasibility of growing a continuous layer graphene in prepatterned substrates, like an engineered silicon wafer, and we apply this as mold for fabrication AFM probes. This method proves SU-8 devices coated with full-wafer parallel technology high yield. It also demonstrates that coating enhances functionality probes, turning them conductive more resistant to wear. Furthermore, it opens new experimental possibilities such studying graphene-graphene interaction at nanoscale...

Purpose: (1) To assess a robotic device (Handexos) during the design process with regard to usability, end user satisfaction and safety, (2) determine whether Handexos can improve activities of daily living (ADLs) spinal cord injury (SCI) patients stroke upper-limb dysfunction. Methods: During 2-year development stage device, total 37 participants (aged 22–68), 28 clinicians (experts) nine SCI or (end users) were included in user-centered featuring usability tests. They performed five grasps...

Abstract Background The development of nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) has revolutionized the study biological tissues by enabling, e.g., visualization and quantification metabolic processes at subcellular length scales. However, associated sample preparation methods all result in some degree tissue morphology distortion loss soluble compounds. To overcome these limitations an entirely cryogenic imaging workflow is required. Results Here, we report a CryoNanoSIMS...

A new technique for producing nanometre scale patterns on thin layers (<30 nm thick) of PMMA silicon is described. The method consists inducing the local modification by applying a positive voltage between and an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. At voltages larger than 28 V, it observed that hole directly produced PMMA. surface simultaneously oxidized even in case where has not been created. Monitoring electrical current through AFM tip during application allows elucidating mechanism...

A comprehensive analysis of the electrical current passing through tip-substrate junction during oxidation silicon by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is presented. This experimental results under dc-bias conditions resolves role electronic and ionic contributions, especially for initial stages reaction, determines effective contact area junction, unifies roles space charge meniscus formation. In Part I this work, we demonstrate that SPM governed a maximum density generated species within at...

A morphological transition from dendrites to nanowires in the electroless deposition of silver by galvanic displacement copper seeds is investigated as a function seed size. The dendritic growth interpreted arising local reaction anisotropies interacting with global solute concentration distribution. Reactions were performed on substrates bearing lithographically patterned grids posts sizes ranging 1 50 μm. When size exceeds 10 μm, consumes cations at sufficient rate create ripple-like...

We present a mechanically active cell culture substrate that produces complex strain patterns and generates extremely high rates. The transparent miniaturized stretcher is compatible with live microscopy provides very compact portable alternative to other systems. A monolayer cultured on dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made of 30 μm thick silicone membrane sandwiched between stretchable electrodes. potential difference several kV's applied across the electrodes generate electrostatic...

Abstract Measuring vibrations is essential to ensuring building structural safety and machine stability. Predictive maintenance a central internet of things (IoT) application within the new industrial revolution, where sustainability performance increase over time are going be paramount. To reduce footprint cost vibration sensors while improving their performance, sensor concepts needed. Here, double‐layer graphene membranes utilized with suspended silicon proof demonstrating operation as...

The spontaneous emergence of complex behavior in dynamical systems occurs through the collective interaction nonlinear elements toward a highly correlated, non-equilibrium critical state. Criticality has been proposed as model for understanding complexity whose can be approximated state lying somewhere between order and chaos. Here we present unique, purpose-built devices, known atomic switch networks (ASN), specifically designed to generate class emergent properties which underlie dynamics...

Electrical current is measured during scanning probe oxidation by performing force versus distance curves under the application of a positive sample voltage. It shown how time dependence provides information about kinetics oxide growth conditions in which tip–surface known unequivocally acquisition. Current measurements at finite tip–sample distance, particular, unveil geometry meniscus influences its electrical conduction properties as well role space charge very small distances.

A comprehensive analysis of the electrical current passing through tip-substrate junction during oxidation silicon by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is presented. This identifies electronic and ionic contributions to total current, especially at initial stages reaction, determines effective contact area junction, unifies roles space charge meniscus formation. In this work, we concentrate on noncontact SPM oxidation. We analyze simultaneous force-distance current-distance curves demonstrate...

A straightforward and inexpensive method to increase the adhesion strength of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) glass is described. In this targeted PDMS-glass sample exposed a fluoroalkyl trichlorosilane vapor in an enclosed container for certain time. It experimentally shown that resulted interface depends on exposure duration. Permanently bonded interfaces were reliably achieved upon sufficient vapor. This vapor-assisted adhering PDMS does not require any special skill or equipment therefore...

Abstract Processing flexibility and good mechanical properties are the two major reasons for SU‐8 extensive applicability in micro‐fabrication of devices. In order to expand its usability down nanoscale, conductivity ultra‐thin layers as well patterning by AFM explored. By performing local electrical measurements outstanding insulating a dielectric strength 100 times larger than that SiO 2 shown. It is also demonstrated resist can be nano‐patterned using AFM, obtaining minimum dimensions...

Abstract Precise packaging of nanoliter amounts liquid in a microsystem is important for many biomedical applications. However, existing encapsulation technologies have limitations terms waste, evaporation, trapped bubbles, and degradation. In this study, multiple additive manufacturing techniques bioresorbable microsystems used. Two‐photon photolithography used reservoir fabrication, while inkjet printing (IJP) precise packaging. Dual IJP allows micro‐reservoirs to be filled with drug...

A method is presented that allows the definition of micrometer- and submicrometer-sized implanted structures in silicon without using photoresist patterning. The process based on use stencils as masks a conventional ion implanter, tested for both phosphorus arsenic ions. Electrical characterization confirms activation impurities zones whereas topological shows minimum dimensions 110 nm with an increase compared to stencil apertures dominated by backscattering ions during implantation.