The effects of neighborhood size ("N")--the number words differing from a target word by exactly 1 letter (i.e., "neighbors")--on identification was assessed in 3 experiments. In Experiments and 2, the frequency highest neighbor equated, N had opposite lexical decision reading. Experiment 1, larger facilitated judgments, whereas an inhibitory effect on reading sentences that contained 1. Moreover, significant 2 due to appeared gaze duration word, there no hint facilitation measures tap...

Morphological awareness, which is an understanding of how words can be broken down into smaller units meaning such as roots, prefixes, and suffixes, has emerged important contributor to word reading comprehension skills. The first aim the current study was investigate contribution morphological awareness independent phonological decoding abilities adults with low literacy. Results indicated that a significant unique predictor comprehension. A second processing morphologically complex...

The Adult Basic Education (ABE) population consists of a wide range abilities with needs that may be unique to this set learners. purpose study was better understand the relative contributions phonological decoding and morphological awareness spelling, vocabulary, comprehension across sample ABE students. In study, predictor spelling ability, listening comprehension, reading comprehension. We also found Morphological indirectly contributed through vocabulary. These findings suggest need for...

This study investigated the relationships among vocabulary breadth, depth, reading comprehension, and rate college‐aged students. While of some these variables have been explored in previous research, current study's focus on role depth literacy measures within a sample skilled readers is new produced several interesting findings. First, consistent with hypotheses, both breadth were significantly correlated comprehension rate. Second, while types knowledge explained unique variance only...

A number of recent studies using eye movement data have yielded evidence suggesting that phonological codes are activated early in an fixation. However, experiments reported by M. Daneman and E. Reingold (1993; Daneman, Reingold, & Davidson, 1995) led them to argue primarily after lexical access has occurred. In this study, 3 were carried out conceptually similar those the resulting supported position very

A battery of cognitive tasks designed to assess information-processing speed, working memory capability, and declarative learning was administered a cross-sectional sample 477 adults ranging in age from 17 86 years. Results showed significant age-related decrements all three constructs. variety structural equation models fit the results. The preferred model on empirical conceptual grounds one that (a) capability as most important mediator effects learning; (b) for general processing speed...

The present experiment used 2 different eye-contingent display change techniques to determine whether information is extracted from English text even when it the left of currently fixated word. Preview changes were during 1st saccade entering target word region, whereas postview leaving that region. Previews and postviews either identical, related, or unrelated "Wrong" in target-word region affected reading was seen only after readers fixating right region: When skipped word, such caused...

Eye movements were monitored as participants read passages that contained 2 occurrences of a balanced ambiguous word. In Experiment 1, local context was manipulated so the meaning word either remained same or changed from 1st to 2nd encounter. Experiments and 3. global by shifting discourse topic between instances Gaze durations on instance shorter when consistent than changed, this facilitation impervious changes in structure. contrast, processing time region immediately following target...

ABSTRACTS We examined the relations among phonological awareness, short‐term memory, orthographic ability, contextual information, and reading skill in a study of 60 functionally illiterate adults enrolled Adult Basic Education programs. Using multiple regression analysis, results indicated that context each accounted for unique portion variance skill. To compare relative strengths weaknesses these adult readers to children, we tested 99 children matched them on level. then divided into more...

.Issues related to research on children's eye movements during reading are discussed. Specifically, the following topics addressed: (1) basic methodological issues, (2) prior findings reading, (3) that is missing in literature regarding (4) applied (5) implications for practice, and (6) potential utility of recording when conducting future research. In latter two sections, articles this special issue

Both vocabulary skill and morphological complexity, or whether words can be broken down into root affixes, have a significant impact on word processing for adults with low literacy. We investigated the influence of word-level variables complexity frequency, sentence-level variable context strength in literacy, who differed levels depth skills, which was participant-level variable. Our findings demonstrate that are all related to how adult learners process while reading, but their effects...

Although extensive research supports repeated readings (RR) as an intervention for improving reading fluency, it largely ignores prosody, which is a key component of fluency. The current study extends the RR literature by examining impact on prosody and whether content directions feedback might what components fluency are improved. Elementary students (N = 76) were randomly assigned to either rate- or prosody-focused intervention. differs from existing in that (a) average opposed struggling...

For adults with low literacy skills, the role of phonology in reading has been fairly well researched, but less is known about morphology reading. We investigated contribution morphological awareness to word and comprehension found that for skills skilled readers, explained unique variance comprehension. In addition, we effects orthographic phonological opacity processing. Results indicated were more impaired than readers on items containing changes spared involving changes. These results...

.The present study explored how average- and high-skilled second-grade readers (as identified by their Woodcock-Johnson III Test of Academic Achievement Broad Reading scores) differed on behavioral measures reading related to comprehension: eye movements during silent prosody oral reading. Results from implicate word processing efficiency: high skilled had fewer fixations intraword regressions, shorter first fixation, gaze duration, total times. Their skipping regression patterns were...

Two experiments addressed the issue of whether phonological codes are activated early in a fixation during reading using fast-priming technique (S. C. Sereno & K. Rayner, 1992). Participants read sentences and, at beginning initial target location, priming letter string was displayed, followed by word. Phonological assessed difference gaze duration on word between when prime homophone and it control equated with orthographic similarity to target. Both demonstrated homophonic durations about...