Using observations from the Cheeka Peak Observatory in northwestern Washington State during March‐April, 1997, we show that Asian anthropogenic emissions significantly impact concentrations of a large number atmospheric species air arriving to North America spring. Isentropic back‐trajectories can be used identify possible times when this will felt, however trajectories alone are not sufficient indicate presence pollutants. Detailed chemical and meteorological data one these periods (March...

A global 3‐D CTM has been used to study the impact of current and future emissions from Asia on CO, PAN O 3 across North Pacific. Recent measurements Washington State have verify model results with respect average concentrations as well amplitude perturbations during episodic events strong Asian influence. By performing experiments without anthropogenic Asia, we find that there is a significant contribution sources in air arriving Western United States, especially spring. The mean...

Here, a novel method for testing ultra‐high‐temperature ceramics (UHTC) at high temperature, rapidly, low cost is introduced. A self‐supported, self‐heated ribbon specimen used with table‐top apparatus to achieve the necessary temperatures. This enables large temperature–time–composition parameter space be covered by rapidly producing set of postoxidation samples analysis. The complex oxide scale known form during oxidation UHTC materials shown easily reproduced using this method. ZrB 2 –SiC...

The effect of SiC concentration on the liquid and solid oxide phases formed during oxidation ZrB 2 –SiC composites is investigated. Oxide‐scale features called convection cells are from reaction products upon composites. These form in outermost borosilicate film scale at high temperatures (≥1500°C). In this study, three with different amounts were tested 1550°C for various durations time to study particularly formation cell features. A calculated ternary phase diagram a ZrO –SiO –B O 3 (BSZ)...

This article reports the morphology and corrosion study of CoCrNiFeMo CoCrNiFeMoCu high-entropy alloys (HEA) tested in a simulated superheated geothermal environment to evaluate whether are candidate materials for corrosive high-temperature environment. The HEA with different alloying ratios were steam at 350 °C 10 bar gauge containing HCl, H2S, CO2 acidic condensate (pH = 3). Cu prone damage rate was accelerated by intermetallic rich sites but not test

During high‐temperature oxidation of ZrB 2 –SiC composites, a multi‐layer oxide scale forms with silica‐rich borosilicate liquid as the surface layer. Here, recently proposed novel mechanism for composites is further investigated and verified. This involves formation convection cells in layer during composite. The zirconia deposits found center here to be consequence transport. nature deposition reported detail, using calculated phase equilibrium diagrams microstructure observations ‐15 vol%...

<h3>Aim</h3> To investigate whether the association between exposure to smoking in movies and among youth is independent of cultural context. <h3>Method</h3> Cross-sectional survey 16 551 pupils recruited Germany, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland Scotland with a mean age 13.4 years (SD=1.18) an equal gender distribution. School-based surveys were conducted November 2009 June 2010. Using previously validated methods, movie was estimated from 250 top-grossing each country (years 2004–2009)...

Materials can be subjected to severe wear and corrosion due high temperature, pressure mechanical loads when used in components for the production of geothermal power. In an effort increase lifetime these thus decrease cost maintenance High-Entropy Alloy Coatings (HEACs) were developed with different coating techniques anti-wear properties. The microstructure, tribological properties CoCrFeNiMox (at% x = 20, 27) HEACs deposited by three technologies—high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), laser...

We present a 3‐D model study, where the focus is on CH 4 lifetime and variations related to changes in global distribution of OH. The observed concentration estimates anthropogenic emissions CO, NO x NMHC's, for period 1980–96 used calculate OH lifetime. suggests that has decreased by 0.49%/yr, while annual average increased 0.43%/yr. Combining calculated change yearly emission from increase 0.67%/yr. A moderate decrease obtained towards end period, 0.53%/yr 1993–96 compared 0.69%/yr...

During the high‐temperature oxidation of ZrB 2 –SiC composites, liquid boron oxide (B O 3 ) is formed at zirconium diboride–zirconium interface and transported through overlying layer silica by convection, forming distinct convection cells arranged like petals a flower. The are localized viscous fingering phenomenon, as fluid B rich solution rises layer. upwelling contains dissolved dioxide, which deposits in center flower‐like structure evaporates. driving force for flow volume increase...

The formation of oxide scales on zirconium diboride (ZrB 2 )–silicon carbide (SiC) composites oxidized at high temperatures (&gt;1500°C) is studied. Subscale recession found in ZrB proposed to form due flow boron (boria) (B O 3 )‐rich borosilicate liquid through convection cells that upon oxidation the composite temperatures. B ‐rich surface, with subsequent loss evaporation, explains a glassy silica‐rich layer surface commonly reported literature. Also outward creates localized inward path...

Abstract This study investigates the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) corrosion product layers on carbon steel surfaces in dioxide (CO2)-containing conditions representative produced fluids geothermal energy systems. X65 coupons were immersed CO2-containing, 0.3 wt.% sodium chloride solution at pH ~7.5. The test was heated to a temperature 250 °C and pressurized 45 bar using an autoclave system, with positioned liquid phase, vapor phase liquid-vapor interface for period 48 h 96 h. Gravimetric...

Abstract Recently, interest has increased substantially globally in utilizing geothermal energy from superhot or supercritical resources which led to the initiation of several projects this field around world. In majority these means drilling deeper than conventional high temperature wells (&amp;gt;3 km) obtain fluid (&amp;gt;350°C) with enthalpy above critical (&amp;gt;2.086 MJ kg-1) and higher flow rates will allow productivity for wells. But there are challenges faced design construction...

Sterols regulate cell membrane fluidity and are precursors for hormone secondary metabolite production in plants, but plant sterols also have a critical role as nutrients herbivores. Here we describe the distribution of 78 different from pollen 295 UK wildflower taxa use this data to develop an evolutionary rationale diversity compared vegetative tissues. The sterolome was function lineage conserved groups high subfamily. Insect herbivores auxotrophic sterols, notably bees can not modify...

Mt. Öræfajökull is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Iceland with potential for a VEI6 eruption and generation many severe associated hazards. It not frequently erupting volcano two eruptions last 1100 years, 1362 1727-28. During 10 km3 freshly fallen tephra was emitted, plume reached stratosphere dispersed offshore towards mainland Europe. In this study we investigate possible impact due to fallout critical infrastructures namely – roads, airports, electrical power-lines case new at...

The corrosion behavior of High Entropy Alloy (HEA), wear-resistant cermets, self-fluxing Ni alloy, and Fe-based amorphous alloy coatings were investigated in simulated alkaline high-temperature geothermal environments with/without H2S CO2 gases for applications. Phase density the corrosive fluid (liquid/vapor) influenced test environments. NiCrSiBFe coating formed a continuous surface film while FeCrMoWMnBCSi was prone to localized liquid phase. cermet had pores cracks that led penetration...

In this work, a CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy (HEA) material was prepared by the vacuum arc melting (VAM) method and used for electro-spark deposition (ESD). The purpose of study to investigate phase evolution microstructure HEA as as-cast electro-spark-deposited (ESD) coating assess its suitability corrosvie environments encountered in geothermal energy production. composition, morphology, structure bulk were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive...