The rabbit flocculus can be divided into five zones (zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and C2) with the use of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. projections individual Purkinje cells in these to vestibular cerebellar nuclei were studied by using biocytin as an anterograde tracer. physiologically identified terms cell complex spike modulation occurring response optokinetic stimulation. In 1 3 neurons respond best rotation about a horizontal axis that is close perpendicular ipsilateral anterior...

The persistence of many contrasting notions climbing fiber function after years investigation testifies that the issue contributions to cerebellar transactions is still unresolved. proposed capabilities fibers cover an impressive spectrum. For researchers, signal errors in motor performance, either conventional manner frequency modulation or as a single announcement "unexpected event". More controversial effect these signals on simple spike Purkinje cells. In some hands, they lead long-term...

The relative size of olfactory bulbs (OBs) is correlated with capabilities across vertebrates and widely used to assess the importance olfaction a species' ecology. In birds, variations in OBs are some behaviors; however, factors that have led high level diversity seen OB sizes birds still not well understood. this study, we use as neuroanatomical proxy for 135 species representing 21 orders. We examine scaling brain avian orders, determine likely ancestral states test correlations between...

1. Purkinje cells in the rabbit flocculus that respond best to rotation about vertical axis (VA) project flocculus-receiving neurons (FRNs) medial vestibular nucleus. During sinusoidal rotation, phase of FRNs leads nucleus not receiving floccular inhibition (non-FRNs). If FRN lead is produced by signals from flocculus, then should functionally FRNs. In present study we recorded VA flocculi awake, pigmented rabbits during compensatory eye movements determine whether have appropriate firing...

Abstract The projections of Purkinje cells from zones in the ventral nodulus pigmented rabbits were studied with use extracellulary injected biocytin as an anterograde tracer. physiologically identified according to complex spike modulation response optokinetic stimulation. most medialzone do not respond stimulation; they project fastigial nucleus, perifastigial white matter, periinterposed and medial vestibular nucleus. In adjacent zone, best stimulation about vertical axis; matter next...

There is a dearth of clinical data regarding the effect nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on long-bone fracture (LBF) healing in acute trauma setting. The orthopedic community believes that use NSAIDs postoperative period will result poor and increased infectious complications. We hypothesized that, first, NSAID would not increase nonunion/malunion infection rates after LBF. Second, we tobacco cause higher these complications.A retrospective study all patients with femur, tibia,...

The eyes of vertebrates show adaptations to the visual environments in which they evolve. For example, eye shape is associated with activity pattern, while retinal topography related symmetry or ‘openness’ habitat a species. Although these relationships are well documented many including birds, extent hold true for species within same avian order not understood. Owls (Strigiformes) represent an ideal group study interspecific variation system because one very few orders contain that vary...

1. The complex spike activity of Purkinje cells in the flocculus response to rotational flowfields was recorded extracellularly anesthetized pigeons. 2. optokinetic stimulus produced by a rotating "planetarium projector." A light source placed center tin cylinder, which pierced with numerous small holes. pen motor oscillated cylinder about its long axis. This apparatus above bird's head and resultant flow-field projected onto screens that surrounded bird on all four sides. axis rotation...

The ectostriatum is a large visual structure in the avian telencephalon. Part of tectofugal pathway, receives ascending thalamic input from nucleus rotundus, homolog mammalian pulvinar complex. We investigated effects bilateral lesions pigeons on motion and spatial-pattern perception tasks. To test perception, we measured performance task requiring detection coherently moving random dots embedded dynamic noise. square wave grating static A double dissociation was revealed. Pigeons with to...

Vultures are highly reliant on their sensory systems for the rapid detection and localization of carrion before other scavengers can exploit resource. In this study, we compared eye morphology retinal topography in two species New World vultures (Cathartidae), turkey (Cathartes aura), with a developed olfactory sense, black (Coragyps atratus), less sense olfaction. We found that size relative to body mass was same both species, but have larger corneas than vultures. However, overall...

It is widely accepted that parrots show remarkable cognitive abilities. In mammals, the evolution of complex abilities associated with increases in size telencephalon and cerebellum as well pontine nuclei, which connect these two regions. Parrots have relatively large telencephalons rival those primates, but whether there are also evolutionary changes their telencephalon-cerebellar relay nuclei unknown. Like birds brainstem project to receive projections from telencephalon. Unlike a...

To maintain stable vision, behaving animals make compensatory eye movements in response to image slip, a reflex known as the optokinetic (OKR). Although OKR has been studied several avian species, during flight are expected be minimal. This is because vertebrates with laterally placed eyes typically show weak nasal-to-temporal motion (NT), which simulates typical forward locomotion, compared temporal-to-nasal (TN), atypical backward locomotion. asymmetry also reflected pretectum, wherein...

De Zeeuw, C. I., S.K.E. Koekkoek, D.R.W. Wylie, and J. I. Simpson. Association between dendritic lamellar bodies complex spike synchrony in the olivocerebellar system. Neurophysiol. 77: 1747–1758, 1997. Dendritic have been reported to be associated with dendrodendritic gap junctions. In present study we investigated this association at both morphological electrophysiological level Because cerebellar GABAergic terminals are apposed olivary dendrites coupled by junctions, because lesions of...

Abstract Hummingbirds possess an array of morphological and physiological specializations that allow them hover such they maintain a stable position in space for extended periods. Among birds, this sustained hovering is unique to hummingbirds, but possible neural underlying behavior have not been investigated. The optokinetic response (OKR) one several behaviors facilitates stabilization. In the OKR generated by nucleus basal optic root (nBOR) pretectal lentiformis mesencephali (LM). Because...

The comparative method is widely used to understand brain-behaviour relationships in psychology. Such studies have demonstrated functional between the brain and behaviour as well how evolve concert with one another. Here, authors illustrate their data on tool use cerebellar morphology birds that such comparisons can be further extended (a) relate of a region behaviour, (b) provide insight into function an often overlooked cognitive studies, cerebellum. Their results indicate tool-using...