This article provides a practical introduction to the design trade-offs of currently available 3D IC technology options. It begins with an overview techniques, such as wire bonding, microbumps, through vias, and contactless interconnection, comparing them in terms vertical density limits their use. We then present high-level discussion pros cons technologies, analysis relating number transistors on chip interconnect using estimates based Rent's rule. Next, we provide more detailed example...

A tunable third-order combline bandpass filter using thin-film barium-strontium-titanate varactors and fabricated on a sapphire substrate is reported. Application of 0-200-V bias varied the center frequency from 2.44 to 2.88 GHz (16% tuning) while achieving 1-dB bandwidth 400 MHz. The insertion loss 5.1 dB at zero 3.3 full bias, return exceeded 13 over range. intercept was found be 41 dBm.

Abstract The harmonic balance method is a technique for the numerical solution of nonlinear analog circuits operating in periodic, or quasi‐periodic, steady‐state regime. can be used to efficiently derive continuous‐wave response numerous microwave components including amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators. Its efficiency derives from imposing predetermined form circuit onto equations representing network, solving set unknown coefficients equation. attractiveness applications results its speed...

In this article, grey-box and black-box surrogate modeling are described, with some key findings. The important point is that has a solid mathematical basis leading to what become dramatic increase in our ability develop engineering models engineer systems. Section 2, systematic approach constructing provided. Each step explained using published methods. 3 presents examples from the domain of circuits

A statistical technique is presented for the characterization of spectral regrowth at output a nonlinear amplifier driven by digitally modulated carrier in digital radio system. The yields an analytical expression autocorrelation function signal as statistics quadrature input transformed behavioral model amplifier. model, baseband equivalent representation, derived from complex radio-frequency envelope which itself developed readily available measured or simulated amplitude...

The history of RF and microwave computer-aided engineering is documented in the annals IEEE Microwave Theory Techniques Society. era began with elaborate analytically based models components simple techniques to cascade, cascode, otherwise connect linear component obtain responses circuits. Development has become rapid computer-oriented practices addressing complex geometries ability globally model optimize large pursuit accurate active devices passive continues be a key activity.

An analytic formulation of dynamic electro-thermally induced nonlinearity is developed for a general resistive element, yielding self-heating circuit model based on fractional derivative. The explains the 10 dB/decade slope intermodulation products observed in two-tone testing. Two-tone testing at 400 MHz attenuators, microwave chip terminations, and coaxial terminations reported with tone spacing ranging from 1 to 100 Hz.

Military communications networks can leverage much of the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology being investigated and developed for 5G cellular but require special attention to unique military requirements. This paper highlights communications' requirements specific local area discusses how higher band mm-wave contribute high data rates simultaneously achieve covertness. Adaptive tuning varying atmospheric absorption meets quickly adjusting covert communication zones accommodate potentially...

An original, fully analytical, spectral domain decomposition approach is presented for the time-dependent thermal modeling of complex nonlinear (3-D) electronic systems, from metallized power FETs and MMICs, through MCMs, up to circuit board level. This solution method offers a powerful alternative conventional numerical simulation techniques, constructed be compatible with explicitly coupled electrothermal device on CAD timescales. In contrast semianalytical, frequency space, Fourier...

A novel load-pull method for envelope-termination characterization is presented. The enables the source and load envelope terminations to be easily evaluated further optimize linearity/efficiency tradeoff of RF/microwave power transistors used in digital wireless communication systems with time-varying envelopes. Results are presented a 53 mm low-voltage LDMOS transistor at 850 MHz. It shown that optimal termination may general complex, contrast commonly held belief must approximately zero....

The transient response of a high-speed digital circuit is determined by the interaction lossy distributed transmission line network and lumped nonlinear circuits. A robust accurate method for analysis such system reported, its implementation in an analog simulator discussed. uses convolution technique time-domain impulse to perform simulation network. derived using Fourier transform modified frequency-domain scattering parameters. Implementation verified comparison with measured results.<...

A theoretical treatment of distributed electro-thermally induced intermodulation distortion is developed for microstrip transmission lines. The growth passive (PIM) along the length a line derived accounting both loss and electrical dispersion. PIM dependencies on width, length, thickness, substrate parameters are analyzed leading to design guidelines low Single metal silver lines fabricated sapphire fused-quartz substrates isolate electro-thermal effect validate model. Electro-thermal...

An analytic formulation of passive intermodulation distortion (PIM) in antennas is presented for PIM introduced by electro-thermal modulation conductivity current-related losses. A silver rectangular patch antenna was fabricated using a sapphire substrate isolating the thermal process from other possible sources. Two-tone testing at 990 MHz sweep tone separation 3 Hz to 100 kHz reported. Both transmitted and reflected are characterized high dynamic range two-tone test system incorporating an...

Passive intermodulation (PIM) often limits the performance of communication systems with analog and digitally modulated signals especially supporting multiple carriers. Since origins apparently physical sources nonlinearity causing PIM are not fully understood, behavioral models frequently used to describe process generation. In this paper, a polynomial model memoryless is deduced from measurements microstrip line distributed two-tone CW signals. The analytical incorporated in Keysight...

The authors present details of the generalized power series technique for analysis analog nonlinear circuits. method uses descriptions elements and a spectral balance techniques to operate entirely in frequency domain. It is therefore suited circuits with large-signal multifrequency excitation arbitrary separation. low-frequency mixer used here as vehicle illustrate concepts frequency-domain technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

A nonlinear spectral analysis technique that enables digital communication system metrics; SNR, EVM and the waveform quality factor (/spl rho/) to be related in-band distortion spectrum is presented. System metrics are estimated from measured output power power. The verified by direct measurements of each metric using a vector signal analyzer (VSA) performed on forward-link IS-95 signal. Estimated in excellent agreement with values.

Abstract The harmonic balance method is a technique for the numerical solution of nonlinear analog circuits operating in periodic, or quasi‐periodic, steady‐state regime. can be used to efficiently derive continuous‐wave response numerous microwave components including amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators. Its efficiency derives from imposing predetermined form circuit onto equations representing network, solving set unknown coefficients equation. attractiveness applications results its speed...

The intermodulation distortion produced by passive and tunable liquid metal (LM) antennas is investigated. Four kinds of monopoles, including a copper monopole, varactor-tuned LM monopole using electrochemically controlled capillarity (ECC), are compared for their linearity power-handling capabilities. Linearity assessed two-tone test, in which two fundamental tones close frequency result third-order at frequencies above below the original separated difference. has comparable to while...

The nonlinear characteristic of an RF front-end results in in-band distortion and spectral regrowth digitally modulated signals with being dependent on the statistical variation signal. In this paper, interaction response signal is explored using a time-averaged autocorrelation analysis applied to several limiter-amplifier models having characteristics ranging from soft-to-hard amplitude limiting. verified by comparing measured predicted adjacent channel power rejection for code-division...

Three new classes of miniaturized Marchand balun are defined based on the synthesis filter prototypes. They suitable for mixed lumped-distributed planar realizations with small size resulting from transmission-line resonators being a quarter-wavelength long at frequencies higher than passband center frequency. Each class corresponds to an S-plane bandpass prototype derived specification transmission zero locations. A tunable 50:100-/spl Omega/ is realized 1 GHz demonstrate advantages...