Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), including Wind turbine generators (WTGs), exhibit substantially different negative-sequence fault current characteristics compared to synchronous (SGs). These differences may cause misoperation of customary negative-sequence-based protective elements set under the assumption a conventional SG dominated power system. The amplitude WTG is smaller than that an SG. This lead overcurrent 50Q/51Q. Moreover, angular relation and voltage WTGs, which result in...

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) exhibit different short-circuit characteristics compared to traditional synchronous generators (SGs). Hence, increased uptake of IBRs in the power system is expected impact performance protective relay schemes—set under assumption a SG-dominated system. Protection engineers need study these challenges and develop remedial solutions ensuring effectiveness protection higher levels IBRs. To address this need, paper studies on variety schemes including line...

The unbalanced nature of distribution systems requires a multiphase load-flow solution capable handling arbitrary network topologies and providing accurate results. need for detailed analysis secondary grid found in dense urban areas the modeling networks including subtransmission level using highly efficient large-scale system-capable methods. In this paper, three different algorithms are presented modified-augmented-nodal-analysis formulation. compared IEEE 8500-node test feeder proposed...

The power system planning and protection studies are becoming more challenging due to the rapid increase in penetration levels of converter-interfaced renewables. Type-IV wind turbine generators (WTGs) photovoltaic panels interfaced grid through a full-scale converter, their short-circuit current contributions mainly designated by converter control associated limits. This paper proposes new phasor domain modeling approach for parks (WPs) with WTGs, using concept control-based equivalent...

Large-scale integration of wind generation changes the power swing characteristics a system and may result in misoperation legacy protection schemes. This paper presents qualitative study on impact protection. The objective is to provide an understanding problem through case studies present possible solutions adjustments schemes ensure efficiency under large-scale generation. functions, namely blocking out-of-step tripping (OST), as increased levels, are shown studies. It also that...

The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is considered to provide a low-reactance path in the negative-sequence system and naturally comply with requirements on reactive current emerging grid codes. This paper shows otherwise how control strategy of converters plays key role formation active components. After investigating existing strategies from perspective code compliance showing they fail addressing current, we propose new coordinated that complies codes positive- systems. proposed...

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine (WTG) can activate different fault ride through (FRT) control schemes and circuits to comply with various grid code or utility interconnection requirements. These FRT solutions play a key role in the resulting current of DFIG-based WTG as well voltages currents distributed faulted networks. This paper accounts for their impact by proposing new generic sequence domain model static short circuit calculations. In this paper,...

Utilities are under considerable pressure to increase the share of wind energy resources in their generation fleet. With increasing resources, dynamic behavior power systems will change considerably due fundamental differences technologies used for and conventional generators. There is a very little standardization ways model turbines (WTs) parks (WPs) sharp contrast plants. Hence, there an international interest deliver generic models (i.e. standardized publicly available) WTs WPs that able...

A generalized formulation of earth-return impedance and admittance for underground cables is proposed based on a complete solution Maxwell equations. The frequency responses wave propagation characteristics are evaluated by the newly derived formulas compared to those found from existing in software used simulation electromagnetic transients. Surge results with show more damping smooth convergence steady state comparison formulas. validated field test 110-kV cross-bonded cable. It also shown...

Subsynchronous control interaction (SSCI) is the between power-electronics and series-compensated transmission system that occurs at frequencies below nominal frequency. SSCI may occur doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) line, to which wind park (WP) connected. Not only do DFIG parameters, but also WP operating conditions have a significant impact on SSCI. In this paper, of parameters analyzed in detail. Guidelines are presented for modifying ensure safe operation acceptable transient...

The integration of renewables into power systems introduces several technical challenges including the development appropriate models for system protection studies and accurate evaluation short circuit contributions. Converter-interfaced wind turbines (WTs) produce significantly different current waveform signatures compared to traditional synchronous or asynchronous generators. This paper proposes a new phasor domain modeling approach Type III WTs with doubly fed induction generators using...

This paper introduces a new frequency-dependent cable model for the simulation and analysis of electromagnetic transients. The belongs to traveling-wave class. key feature proposed is correct representation modal propagation function contributions in phase domain. challenge fitting that are nonsmooth due their eigenvectors. Since behavior associated with similar eigenvalues, problem solved by reducing rank matrix. approach eliminates numerical instability problems can be encountered...

The three-phase dual active bridge (3p-DAB) converter is widely considered in dc-grid applications. Because of the higher number switches 3p-DAB, it can be argued that reliability 3p-DAB reduced when compared to other isolated-bidirectional dc-dc topologies. previous work has shown operated a frozen leg fault-tolerant mode, i.e., with two transistors same phase being opened by their gate driver internal protections. free-wheeling diodes are left self-commutated, analytical characterization...

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the supplementary damping controllers (SDCs) proposed for mitigation sub-synchronous interaction (SSI) between doubly-fed induction generator-based wind parks (DFIG-WPs) and series capacitor compensated grids. First, terms control (SSCI) generator effect (IGE) are clarified by delineating their occurrence conditions instability mechanisms in DFIG-WPs. Then, generic design testing framework SDCs is as basis including selection adjustment key...

Hybrid ac/dc distribution grids are gaining popularity due to their potential conflate the benefits of both ac and dc grids. However, complex structure these imposes new challenges in power flow (PF) calculations multiple interconnections, variety converter operations, constant loads. This paper proposes a unified PF algorithm incorporating different types dc/dc converters. The proposed approach is based on Newton Raphson (NR) uses Modified-Augmented-Nodal-Analysis (MANA) formulation....

In this paper, a general method is presented to handle transformers in the backward forward sweep (BFS) based load flow analysis of unbalanced distribution systems. The proposed on modified augmented nodal (MANA) approach and simply provides single matrix that used for both operations. constructed straightforward systematic manner, solution technique not restricted particular transformer connection can easily uncommon configurations, some which may present modeling challenges otherwise....

Distribution system state estimation (DSSE) is becoming an essential element of many distribution management systems (DMS), serving as the basis numerous smart grid applications. In this paper, a new DSSE approach proposed based on modified augmented nodal analysis formulation, which known to have advantageous numerical characteristics. Special consideration given transformer and regulator tap positions, they are seldom telemetered level. The can be easily derived from existing power flow...

This paper investigates the effect of mode transition from low-frequency transverse electromagnetic (earth-return wave) to high-frequency Sommerfeld-Goubau (surface propagation on switching surges in gas-insulated buses (overhead cables) by adopting complete formulas for earth-return impedance and admittance using extended transmission line (TL) approach. The lower attenuation surface wave shows a significant difference functions evaluated classical TL approach with Carson/;Pollaczeck's...