Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has been used to image and record domains in thin-film magneto-optic (MO) materials. In the imaging mode, resolution of 30–50 nm consistently obtained, whereas recording down ∼60 have written reproducibly. Data densities ∼45 Gbits/in.2 achieved, well excess current magnetic or MO technologies. A brief analysis speed other issues indicates that technique may represent a viable alternative these methods for anticipated high density data storage needs.

We describe the implementation of a scanning Hall probe microscope outstanding magnetic field sensitivity (∼0.1 G) and unprecedented spatial resolution (∼0.35 μm) to detect surface fields at close proximity sample. Our combines advantages submicron fabricated on GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As heterostructure chip tunneling microscopy technique for precise positioning. demonstrate its usefulness by imaging individual vortices in high Tc La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 films superconducting networks, bubble domains.

ONEof the greatest achievements of biomedical science and public health. 1However, during last few decades an increasingly vocal antivaccination movement has challenged safety effectiveness recommended vaccines. 2,3The extent concern in United States was highlighted by a national survey that found although majority parents supported vaccination, 25% believed too many vaccinations could weaken children's immune systems 23% children get immunizations. 4ecent studies indicate 66% US adults (137...

Background:The incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases is directly related to the number unvaccinated children.Parents who refuse vaccination their children frequently express concerns about vaccine safety.The Internet can influence perceptions vaccines because it fastest growing source consumer health information.However, few studies have analyzed criticism on Web. Objective:The purposes this paper are examine and analyze websites in order identify common characteristics ethical...

We report for the first time switching and modulation of light in a magneto-optic waveguide that is single-crystal epitaxially grown iron-garnet film. These experiments involve Faraday rotation magnetic film motion magnetization plane have modulated from 1.152-μm laser up to 80 MHz. were also able switch between two modes by applying field as small 0.2 Oe.

The only known crystals which have a spontaneous ferromagnetic moment at room temperature and are transparent well into the visible spectrum ferric borate, FeBO3, fluoride, FeF3. Each of these rhombohedral materials is canted antiferromagnet with small lying in plane perpendicular to its unique axis. Curie temperatures 348° 363°K room-temperature moments 115 40 G, respectively. Both contain ions slightly distorted octahedral environment. green series absorption bands visible, fundamental...

Recent advances in probe design have led to enhanced resolution (currently as significant ~ 12 nm) optical microscopes based on near-field imaging. We demonstrate that the polarization of emitted and detected light such can be manipulated sensitively generate contrast. show contrast certain patterns is consistent with a simple interpretation requisite boundary conditions, whereas other cases more complicated interaction between sample involved. Finally application technique near-filed...

Iron borate (FeBO3) is a transparent, green, uniaxial, canted antiferromagnet with Curie temperature of 348°K. The optical absorption in the samples observed has local minimum 39 cm−1 green (5250 Å). Faraday rotation at 5250 Å 2300° per cm. phase retardation associated uniaxial birefringence about 4 × 105 cm and two indices refraction are 2.1 for visible spectrum.

With steadily rising use of the Internet as a source health information, public authorities have expressed concern about increasing visibility unscientific information promulgated on by opponents childhood vaccination. Searches were made four most popular search engines using different combinations terms, "vaccination," "immunization," "immunisation," "immunize," "immunise," "vaccine," and "shots." Thirty results tabulated for each engine. Searching with keyword "vaccination" resulted in...

Video polarization microscopy, optical diffraction, and digital image analysis have been employed to investigate the transformation of a well-ordered lamellar (``smectic'') domain phase ferrimagnetic garnet films into globally disordered, ``labyrinthine'' pattern. Surprisingly, in view presence nonlocal interactions, ensuing pattern evolution response temperature-induced strain is characterized, its first stages, by (local) transverse elastic which manifests itself form ``smectic''...

Isolation ratios as large 3000 to 1 (−35 dB) at wavelengths near 1.55 μm have been measured on ridged waveguide Faraday rotation isolators. These are the best results ever reported for any isolator. Single-mode, triple-layer bismuth yttrium iron garnet films were chemically etched reduce linear birefringence of active top layer zero 1.49 μm. Ion implantation enhanced etching was used create ridges 8 wide and 0.5 high. Using fiber coupled light from a tunable color center laser, isolation −25...

Hard bubbles are cylindrical magnetic domains which differ from normal in their static and dynamic properties. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1–3</sup> They form collapse at fields considerably higher than bubble (hence the name “hard bubbles”) and, under action of a gradient perpendicularly directed field, they have component motion either to right or left rather straight down (right- left-handed hard bubbles). Under influence...

This letter describes the use of a compact sputter-deposited thin-film magnet that is directly integrated onto waveguide isolator fabricated in magnetic garnets. Film magnets different thicknesses are sputtered waveguides, and isolation ratios 29 dB obtained with negligible excess loss. Stress-birefringent effects due to ferromagnetic film overlayer eliminated by an aluminum compliant buffer.

A combiation of video polarization microscopy and extensive digital line pattern analysis has been invoked to examine in quantitative detail the transformation a lamellar into ``labyrinthine'' magnetic-stripe domain pattern. The evolution disorder is found be mediated by sequence transverse, ``smectic'' instabilities culminating generation disclination dipoles. Their subsequent continuous ``unbinding'' facilitates formation globally isotropic nonequilibrium adopting topology binary tree...

Analysis of globally disordered, nonequilibrium "labyrinthine" stripe-domain patterns in thin ferrimagnetic garnet films has revealed a well-defined local structure containing an oblong polygonal plaquette as the fundamental motif. Two types labyrinths were found: one having topological defects, other composed single, unbranched, meandering line. These emerge when labyrinthine state is approached either by heating at constant magnetic field or demagnetizing from saturation temperature. Size...

Hard bubbles in typical bubble garnets can be eliminated by ion implantation which produces a layer of planar magnetization at least few hundred angstroms thick. Neon doses the 1014-ions/cm2 range is as effective hydrogen 1016-ions/cm2 suppressing hard without effecting domain wall coercivity or mobility. Annealing studies have shown that thermal stability effect increases with increasing dose and decreasing energy sufficient to withstand maximum device processing temperatures assure long lifetimes.

Localized ion implantation through photoresist masks has been used to produce rails which guide bubbles in garnet epitaxial films. Implantation expands the lattice so that implanted regions are lateral compression. In garnets with negative magnetostriction, these shallow have stress‐induced easy axes parallel film surface. Bubbles adhere edges of due magnetostatic and magnetostrictive effects. Using overlaying conductor patterns, tracks propagated at frequencies up 600 kHz. No harmful...

A new technique for generating precise surface structures in single-crystal garnet materials is described. The crystals are ion implanted localized areas using photoresist as an implantation mask. removed and the etched phosphoric acid. damaged volumes produced by etch at a substantially greater rate than undamaged material, thereby producing structures. Groove depth can be precisely defined reproduced controlling parameters: species, energy, dose. Undercutting minimal etching conditions not...

When an insulating paramagnetic fluid such as gaseous oxygen is subjected to combined thermal and magnetic field gradients, a body force shown exist which analogous that of gravity. It both theoretically experimentally this can be larger in magnitude than due gravity for even modest values the strength-gradient product. The possibility control convection discussed several instances. application effect during crystal growth from liquids detail.

Oligocene to early Miocene volcanic rocks are preserved in the Central Cordillera range and Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon, Philippines. Basaltic andesitic of Pugo Formation Baguio district of were intruded by ~27 20 Ma calc-alkaline Diorite Complex. In southern Valley subalkaline alkaline late Mamparang overlies the Cretaceous Caraballo has been Didipio Igneous Complex, Cordon Syenite Complex, Palali batholith. The complex comprises an suite diorites, which were intruded strongly...

MnAlGe is a uniaxial ferromagnetic compound with saturation 4πMs of 3600 G, and Curie temperature 245°C. We have studied polycrystalline thin films this formed on various substrates by getter sputtering. The optimum substrate to obtain uniform magnetic properties was 500°C. Films prepared at substantial component magnetization normal the plane substrate, coercive force approximately 2000 Oe. Information written into 700-Å thick point writing or fine permanent magnet wire, read good optical...

The development of an optically transparent yet electrically conductive material made with a composite structure having preferentially arranged paths is described. medium contains many vertically aligned but laterally isolated chains ferromagnetic spheres dispersed in sheet polymer. transmits more than 90 percent the incident light and highly only thickness direction. When suitably modified, exhibits on-off electrical switchability at certain threshold pressure. These characteristics confer...