Abstract Erev, Ert, and Roth organized three choice prediction competitions focused on related tasks: One shot decisions from description (decisions under risk), one experience, repeated experience. Each competition was based two experimental datasets: An estimation dataset, a dataset. The studies that generated the datasets used same methods subject pool, examined decision problems randomly selected distribution. After collecting data to be for estimation, organizers posted them Web,...

One challenge in the analysis of event‐related potentials (ERPs) is to identify task‐related differences scalp topography. The multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used spatiotemporal distribution ERP related experimental manipulations. Two simulations included latency shifts and amplitude changes at peaks with temporal overlap. PLS identified effects only modeled timepoints electrodes. In contrast, principal components most timepoints. We also demonstrated that combinations waveform...

Research on cognitive aging seems to have three primary goals: first, to determine the extent which diversity of observed behavioral changes that occur with advancing age can be potentially explained by a small set fundamental mechanisms or “primitives”; second, to thoroughly and explicitly specify nature these mechanisms, potentially drawing links underlying neurobiology more formalized descriptions how such might bring about observable behavioral changes; third, use knowledge gained in...

Current theories are divided as to whether prospective memory (PM) involves primarily sustained processes such strategic monitoring, or transient the retrieval of intentions from when a relevant cue is encountered. The current study examined neural correlates PM using functional magnetic resonance imaging design that allows for decomposition brain activity into and components. Performance task was associated with responses in network including anterior prefrontal cortex (lateral Brodmann...

Over the past decade a number of reviewers have argued that pattern spared and impaired cognitive functions observed in aging literature can be understood within context neuropsychologically constrained model proposes prefrontal cortex is more vulnerable to effects normal than other cortical regions (Dempster, 1992; Hartley, 1993; Moscovitch & Winocur, West, 1996). While this has served as valuable heuristic my own thinking about aging, current review Greenwood theoretical work emerging...

Abstract The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) holds a prominent place in models of the neural architecture supporting cognitive control and conflict processing. findings empirical computational work lead to prediction that ACC is sensitive response insensitive nonresponse conflict. We tested this two experiments using event‐related brain potentials combination with task which some trials included only others A N450 associated activity generators frontal region was elicited on including This...

In the study we considered ability of relative speed processing-automaticity (RSOP-A) and contextual disintegration (CD) models Stroop interference effect to account for age-related increase in typically observed older adults. Findings from first experiment were partially consistent with predictions RSOP-A model because response dominance was greater adults than younger However, independent this dominance, suggesting that factors other those postulated contributed Results second CD model,...

In two experiments the authors evaluated hypothesis that age-related decline in prospective memory reflects momentary lapses of intention (MLIs), and explored factors, cue sensitivity accessibility, may contribute to MLIs. MLIs were reliably greater than zero Experiment 1, indicating performance fluctuated over course task. Analysis response latency data (RL) revealed older adults demonstrated elevated RL for missed cues much slower respond correctly younger adults. These findings indicate...

Abstract We evaluate two hypotheses that have implications for the study of prospective memory. First, we examine whether effect age is greater on component or retrospective memory intentions; and second, data-driven conceptually driven processes differentially influence these components. The was varied by maintaining changing format cue from to test. manipulated varying degree semantic relatedness between intention. than component. A change in study-test had greatest component, whereas...

The study evaluated the hypothesis that older adults are more susceptible to lapses of intention (lapses) than younger adults, and explored factors contributing these lapses. findings three experiments examining pattern intrusion errors in Stroop task revealed were likely experience lapsesthan tended be longer duration adults. Lapses observed under conditions suboptimal controlled attentional processing, when required allocation this processing service multiple behavioral goals, during...

The influence of aging and frontal function on the neural correlates regulative evaluative control was examined by means event-related brain potentials (ERPs). behavioral data indicated that interference greater for older than younger adults this difference mediated function. ERP revealed effects both control. Prestimulus activity correlated with response time function, these relationships were moderated response-to-stimulus interval (RSI); poststimulus also age-related differences in...

In 2 experiments, we used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to examine the temporal dynamics of neural processes related adjustments cognitive control following errors in counting Stroop task. The ERPs elicited by revealed error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity consistent with a large body literature. addition, were associated frontal slow wave between 200 2000 ms after response that was activity generators lateral cortex. ERN correlated posterror slowing time positive...

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to perform better when asked reason step-by-step before answering a question. However, it is unclear what degree the model's final answer faithful stated reasoning steps. In this paper, we causal mediation analysis on twelve LLMs examine how intermediate steps generated by LLM influence outcome and find that do not reliably use their generating an answer. To address issue, introduce FRODO, framework tailor small-sized LMs generate correct robustly...

Deficits in cognition are a hallmark of schizophrenia. In the present study, authors investigated effects schizophrenia on neural correlates conflict processing single-trial version Stroop task by using event-related brain potentials. Relative to matched controls, patients with showed increased interference response time, but this effect was eliminated when slowing controlled. associated negative wave peaking between 400 and 500 ms (N450) sustained potential (SP) 600 800 after stimulus...