Abstract The frequency with which tropical cyclones (TCs) occur controls all other aspects of cyclone risk since a storm that does not can do no harm. Yet this is poorly understood. There accepted theory explains the average number TCs each year on Earth, nor how will change global warming. Arguments based budgets heat or moisture yet appear helpful, detailed understanding physical processes TC genesis. Empirical indices predict as function large‐scale environmental variables explain some...

The water-immiscible ionic liquid, [C4MIM][PF6], is a solvent medium that allows complete transfer of gold nanoparticles from an aqueous phase into organic phase. Both spherical and rod-shaped are efficiently transferred solution the without requiring use thiols. sizes shapes were preserved during phase-transfer process when surfactant was added to liquid. This offers simple approach for obtaining solutions differently sized shaped in liquids.

Abstract The rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina followed by the devastation U.S. Gulf States highlights critical role played an upper-oceanic thermal structure (such as ocean eddy or Loop Current) in affecting development tropical cyclones. In this paper, impact on cyclone intensity is investigated using a simple hurricane–ocean coupled model. Numerical experiments with different oceanic structures are designed to elucidate responses cyclones and effects ocean. This model shows that...

Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC) activity is examined using the Columbia Hazard model (CHAZ), a statistical–dynamical downscaling system, with environmental conditions taken from simulations phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) for both historical period and future scenario under representative concentration pathway 8.5. Projections individual global basin TC frequency depend sensitively on choice moisture variable used in tropical genesis index (TCGI) component CHAZ....

Watching the silver lining inside Some types of batteries contain both a transition metal reducible metal, such as cathode material Ag 2 VP O 8 . During operation, and V ions are reduced, atoms can form wires to enhance internal conductivity. Kirshenbaum et al. probe discharge battery at different rates track formation using in situ energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction (see Perspective by Dudney Li). They show how rate affects whether or is preferentially reduced also distribution atoms, then...

Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) cause devastating damage to life and property. Historical TC data is scarce, complicating adequate risk assessments. Synthetic models are specifically designed overcome this scarcity. While these have been evaluated on their ability simulate activity, no study date has focused model performance applicability in This performs the intercomparison of four different global-scale synthetic datasets impact space, comparing return period curves, probability rare...

Most current climate models predict that the equatorial Pacific will evolve under greenhouse gas–induced warming to a more El Niño-like state over next several decades, with reduced zonal sea surface temperature gradient and weakened atmospheric Walker circulation. Yet, observations last 50 y show opposite trend, toward La Niña-like state. Recent research provides evidence discrepancy cannot be dismissed as due internal variability but rather are incorrectly simulating response gas warming....

Abstract The authors describe a tropical cyclone risk model for the Philippines using open-source methods that can be straightforwardly generalized to other countries. Wind fields derived from historical observations, as well those an environmentally forced hazard model, are combined with data representing exposed value and vulnerability determine asset losses. Exposed is represented by LitPop dataset, which assumes total distributed across country following population density night-lights...

Abstract The authors describe the development and verification of a statistical model relating tropical cyclone (TC) intensity to local large-scale environment. A multiple linear regression framework is used estimate expected given environmental storm conditions. uncertainty constructed from empirical distribution errors. NCEP–NCAR reanalysis fields historical hurricane data 1981 1999 are for development, 2000 2012 evaluate performance. Seven predictors selected: initial intensity, change...

Sodium vanadium oxide gels, NaxV2O5·nH2O, of varying sodium content (0.12 < x 0.32) were prepared by careful control an ion exchange process. The water (0.23 > n 0.01) and interlayer spacing found to be inversely proportional the level (x), thus (x) provided a direct, chimie douce approach for hydration (n) spacing, without need high temperature treatment affect dehydration. Notably, use temperatures modify levels can result in crystallization collapse structure, highlighting distinct...

Sentence comprehension depends on continuous prediction of upcoming words. However, when and how contextual information affects the bottom-up streams visual word recognition is unknown. This study examined effects frequency predictability (cloze probability a target embedded in sentence) N1, P200, N400 components, which are related to various cognitive operations early processing, perceptual decoding, semantic processing. The data exhibited significant interaction between at anterior N1...

This study examined how maturation and the size of deviance affect development mismatch responses to Mandarin lexical tones by a multi-deviant oddball paradigm with both large deviant T1/T3 small T2/T3 pairs in newborns 6-month-olds. The pair elicited positive response (P-MMR) at birth but an adult-like negativity (MMN) 6 months age. For pair, no significant MMR was seen newborns, whereas P-MMR found when infants are old. Results suggest that developmental trajectories MMRs dependent on...

Lighter weight and longer life batteries for electrochemical energy storage are needed many applications including aerospace, transportation, portable electronics, biomedical devices. Inclusion of inert materials as part the battery electrode significantly decreases density they contribute to volume electrode, but not its content. This work demonstrates viability using novel metal oxide/carbon nanotube substrate (CNT-S) electrodes in rechargeable cells. To our knowledge this is first...

The long-term toxicity effects of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on the proliferation and differentiation a progenitor cell line, MG63 osteoblast-like cells, was investigated. These cells were treated for 20 hours with two media that contained 10 nm GNPs at concentrations 1 ppm ppm. mitosis GNP-treated observed after least 21 using dark-field fluorescence microscopy. TEM, LSCM hyperspectral images indicated late endosomes in aggregated caused by vesicle fusion. Subsequently, days being cultured...

Abstract The movement of tropical cyclones (TCs), particularly around the time landfall, can substantially affect resulting damage. Recently, trends in TC translation speed and likelihood stalled TCs such as Harvey have received significant attention, but findings remained inconclusive. Here, we examine how June-September steering wind landfalling Texas change future under anthropogenic climate change. Using several large-ensemble/multi-model datasets, find pronounced regional variations...

Objective measures of auditory capacity in the hearing loss population are crucial for cross-checking behavioral measures. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential component indexing automatic change detection and reflecting speech discrimination performance. MMN can potentially serve as objective measure discrimination. This study examined whether audibility stimuli modulates to Mandarin lexical tone contrasts by analyzing simulation (HLS) adults with normal hearing. The...

To determine work stress, and stress-coping strategies, to analyze their the relationships in order improve health-promoting lifestyle of nurses Taiwan.Three hundred eighty-five who had experience for more than 6 mo, were selected from four district hospitals Kaohsiung Ping Tung. We used a stratified cluster random sampling method selection. The answered self-report questionnaire, which was categorized into sections: personal background data, lifestyle.The findings indicate stress health...

Abstract The neural mechanisms of fear-associated thermoregulation remain unclear. Innate fear odor 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT) elicits rapid hypothermia and elevated tail temperature, indicative vasodilation-induced heat dissipation, in wild-type mice, but not mice lacking Trpa1–the chemosensor for 2MT. Here we report that Trpa1 −/− show diminished 2MT-evoked c-fos expression the posterior subthalamic nucleus (PSTh), external lateral parabrachial subnucleus (PBel) solitary tract (NTS)....