The Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) approach is utilized to determine the nature of modulation. It a significant job for intelligent receivers, essential components future wireless communication technologies, including adaptive modulation and cognitive radio. Deep learning often automatic classification because its superior performance capability. A dual-stream CNN BiLSTM architecture are used in this paper classify seven different forms digital (8PSK, CPFSK, GFSK, QAM64, QPSK,...

Cognitive radio (CR) serves as an effective solution to the spectrum scarcity issue in current wireless communication. Spectrum sensing is one of key enabling technologies for CR. based on single user detection often suffers from channel ailments such path loss, fading, and shadowing. Cooperative (CSS) proposed overcome these adverse effects. However, CSS easy target malicious users (MUs). The Byzantine attack a major hurdle success Hence, identification MUs CR network essential improve...

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is a viable solution for assisting secondary users to share the licensed spectrum of primary users. Cooperative sensing (CSS) enhances accuracy in CR network. However, effectiveness CSS can be compromised by malicious (MUs) who intentionally send false information fusion center. This letter focuses on enhancing performance and detecting MUs. We propose machine learning technique identify classify MUs network using Principal Component Analysis algorithm. The...

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is an effective approach used to determine accessible spectrum in cognitive radio networks (CRN). However, CSS susceptible being attacked by malicious users (MUs) launching the Byzantine attack, which degrades performance. This study focuses on reducing effects of MUs performance and identifying CRN. We propose entropy-based weighted algorithm for CSS, not only enhances but also enables detection Extensive analysis demonstrates superiority proposed...

Cognitive Radios (CRs) have gained significant popularity due to their ability harness white spaces opportunistically improve the spectrum utilization of underutilized spectrum. Radio uses cooperative sensing (CSS) detect free licensed In this work, centralized CSS is explored where secondary users (unlicensed users) sense a band that belongs primary user and reports observations fusion center (FC), which takes final decision access channel. With openness cognitive radio networks (CRN),...

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising solution to the problem of spectrum deficiency. NOMA receivers require information about modulation type co-scheduled user's signal perform successive interference cancellation (SIC). Automatic classification (AMC) used reduce overhead created due sharing this information. In paper, convolutional neural network (CNN) with modified residual block (MR-CNN) proposed for AMC in systems. The performance MR-CNN evaluated on input four different...

Capacity reimbursement mechanism is necessary for deregulated power system to ensure long term resource adequacy, short-term operating reliability and encourage new investment in generation sector. This helps maintain sufficient installed capacity meeting current future demands. The California electricity market failure has propped this subject extensive debate. paper aims define analyze detail the necessity of market, classifies various mechanisms their fundamental design, comparative...

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is a key approach in cognitive radio (CR) systems for dealing with fading, shadowing, and concealed node problems. CSS improves detection performance by utilizing the spatial range that results from cooperative secondary users (CSUs). As part of centralized CSS, these CSUs collaborate to share information fusion center (FC), which makes global decisions. However, malicious (MUs) can significantly decrease operation's accuracy. The crucial problem Byzantine...

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) represents a technique utilised to discern the modulation scheme employed in radio signals at receiver's end. This holds substantial importance within intelligent receivers, which serve as pivotal components for upcoming wireless communication technologies like cognitive and adaptive modulation. Deep learning (DL) has gained widespread use automatic classification due its exceptional capabilities enhanced performance. In this paper, we introduce...

The spectrum sensing based on single detector suffers from adverse effects such as fading, shadowing and hidden node problems. Cooperative (CSS) is proposed to overcome these by utilizing the spatial diversity among spatially located cooperating secondary users (CSUs). In traditional centralized CSS, CSUs share their detection results with fusion center (FC). Based information received CSUs, FC analyze takes final decision occupancy of primary user (PU) channel. Generally, in literature,...

Almost Blank Subframe (ABS) reduces the cross tier interference but it also capacity of microcell. Reduced power (RPSF) improves performance macrocell as compare to ABS. RPSF density becomes very important parameter partitions time resources. To fairly allocate resources an appropriate should be used. Therefore in this paper dynamic RPSFs is used and allocated. Per user spectral efficiency calculated for each type user. The proportional fairness among users after optimization parameters like...

Day by day the share of a renewable energy producer in electricity market is increasing. High penetration leads us to merit order effect. To mitigate this effect we have decide which type development path better integrate electrical system. In paper, present two distinct wind price capped energy-only market. For finding out suitable for power development, develop long-term simulation model 30-year period with 1-hour resolution. compare both paths power, indicate important parameters such as...

The paper presents optimum allocation of capacity and pricing between two differently design electricity markets, which are interconnected. Among them, one market has energy-only market, whereas other both energy market. Generation companies (GenCos) made optimal in different markets to maximize their revenue. Similarly, the independent system operator (ISO) is tried purchase needed with cost as minimum possible. Additionally, these problems recognized GenCos revenue maximization ISOs...