Biohybrid is a newly emerging and promising approach to construct soft robotics machines with novel functions, high energy efficiency, great adaptivity intelligence. Despite many unique advantages of biohybrid systems, it well known that most systems have relatively short lifetime, require complex fabrication process, only remain functional careful maintenance. Herein, we introduce simple method create highly robust power-free mechanoluminescence, by encapsulating dinoflagellates,...

The emission spectra of 70 bioluminescent marine species were measured with a computer controlled optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). A 350 nm spectral window is simultaneously using linear array 700 silicon photodiodes, coupled by fiber optics to microchannel plate image intensifier on which polychromator generated spectrum focused. Collection include quartz optic bundle allows be from single photophores. Since corrections are not required for temporal variations in emissions, it was...

Mechanosensing, the transduction of extracellular mechanical stimuli into intracellular biochemical signals, is a fundamental property living cells. However, endowing synthetic materials with mechanosensing capabilities comparable to biological levels challenging. Here, we developed ultrasensitive and robust mechanoluminescent composites using hydrogels embedded dinoflagellates, unicellular microalgae near-instantaneous bioluminescent response stress. Not only did dinoflagellates retain...

Spectral measurements of red bioluminescence were obtained from the deep-sea stomiatoid fishes Aristostomias scintillans (Gilbert) and Malacosteus niger (Ayres). Red luminescence suborbital light organs extends to near infrared, with peak emission at approximately 705 nanometers in far red. These also have postorbital that emit blue maxima between 470 480 nanometers. The may be due an energy transfer system wavelength-selective filtering.

SUMMARY Reef-building corals inhabit high light environments and are dependent on photosynthetic endosymbiotic dinoflagellates for nutrition. While photoacclimation responses of the to changes in illumination well understood, host strategies poorly known. This study investigated fluorescent protein expression shallow-water coral Acropora yongei during a 30 day laboratory experiment context its dinoflagellate symbionts. Green (GFP) concentration measured by Western blotting changed reversibly...

ABSTRACT Flow-induced bioluminescence provides a unique opportunity for visualizing the flow field around swimming dolphin. Unfortunately, previous descriptions of dolphin-stimulated have been largely anecdotal and often conflicting. Most references in scientific literature report an absence on dolphin body, which has invariably assumed to be indicative laminar flow. However, hydrodynamicists yet find compelling evidence that remains over most body. The present study integrates laboratory,...

1. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of salinity on phototaxis and geotaxis by Stages I IV zoeae crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii.2. Larvae exposed sudden changes stimulated with various intensities 500-nm light in horizontal plane. Although pattern larvae 40‰ was unchanged from that at 20‰ (acclimation salinity), level positive higher significantly greater negative low lower 40‰. Exposure sea water (5‰) generally reverses sign phototaxis, since a occurs above 10-2 Wm-2.3. The...

Most cells experience an active and variable fluid environment, in which hydrodynamic forces can affect aspects of cell physiology including gene regulation, growth, nutrient uptake, viability. The present study describes a rapid yet reversible change morphology the marine dinoflagellate Ceratocorys horrida Stein, due to motion. Cells cultured under still conditions possess six large spines, each almost one diameter length. When gently agitated on orbital shaker simulating motion at sea...

Fluid flow stimulates bioluminescence in dinoflagellates. However, many aspects of the cellular mechanotransduction are incompletely known. The objective our study was to formally test hypothesis that flow-stimulated dinoflagellate is dependent on shear stress, signifying organisms responding applied fluid force. Lingulodinium polyedrum exposed steady using simple Couette which viscosity manipulated alter stress. At a constant rate, higher stress due increased both intensity and decay...

The mesopelagic shrimp Sergestes similis emits ventrally directed bioluminescence that closely matches the intensity of downward-directed illumination and is able to rapidly modify its light output match changes in background intensity. Masking experiments show photoreceptors involved are compound eyes or adjacent tissues. Light emission originates from modified portions hepatopancreas similar oceanic angular distribution spectral characteristics. Normally oriented animals respond minimally...

While it is universally accepted that plankton continually experience a dynamic fluid environment, their sensitivity to the features of surrounding flow field at relevant length and time scales organism poorly characterized. The present study uses bioluminescence as tool understand how red tide dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (= Gonyaulax polyedra ) responds well‐characterized hydrodynamic forces in fully developed laminar turbulent pipe flow. response L. stimulation was best...

The population growth of some dinoflagellates is known to be reduced by exposure fluid flow. red‐tide dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum was used examine the effect conditions on flow‐induced inhibition growth. Three factors were tested: time relative light:dark (LD) cycle, illumination level, and culture phase (early vs. late exponential phase). Cultures maintained a 12:12 h LD cycle exposed one two flow conditions: quantified laminar shear produced Couette or unquantified generated in...

Net population growth of some dinoflagellates is inhibited by fluid shear at stresses comparable with those generated during oceanic turbulence. Decreased net may occur through lowered cell division, increased mortality, or both. The dominant mechanism under various flow conditions was determined for the red‐tide dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge. Cell division and mortality were direct observation isolated cells in 0.5‐mL cultures that shaken to generate unquantified...

SUMMARY Dinoflagellate bioluminescence serves as a model system for examining mechanosensing by suspended motile unicellular organisms. The response latency, i.e. the delay time between mechanical stimulus and luminescent response, provides information about mechanotransduction signaling process, must be accurately known dinoflagellate to used flow visualization tool. This study novel microfluidic device measure latency of large number individual dinoflagellates with resolution few...

ABSTRACT Dietary acquisition of the specific constituents bioluminescent systems, frequently suggested for various midwater organisms (Haneda, Johnson & Shimomura, 1966; Inoue, Haneda, 1980; McCapra Hart, 1980), has been demonstrated experimentally only in batrachoidid fish, Porichthys notatus. The luciferins and luciferases ostracod Vargula (= Cypridina) hilgendorfii cross-react, suggesting structural similarity (Cormier, Crane Nakano, 1967; Tsuji, Lynch Sugiyama, 1971). Normally,...

SUMMARY Many marine dinoflagellates emit bright discrete flashes of light nearly instantaneously in response to either laminar or turbulent flows as well direct mechanical stimulation. The flash involves a unique pH-dependent luciferase and proton-mediated action potential across the vacuole membrane. mechanotransduction process initiating this is unknown. present study investigated role Ca2+ regulating bioluminescence dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum. Calcium ionophores digitonin...

Dinoflagellate bioluminescence provides a nearly instantaneous index of flow sensitivity. This study compared sensitivity in four species morphologically diverse luminescent dinoflagellates (Ceratium fusus, Ceratocorys horrida, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Pyrocystis fusiformis) using fully developed laminar turbulent pipe flow. Bioluminescence response thresholds always occurred flows with wall shear stress levels that, depending on species, ranged from 0.02 to 0.3 N m−2. With few...

Abstract. The syllid polychaete Odontosyllis phosphorea produces brilliant displays of green bioluminescence during mating swarms. We studied freshly collected individuals O. in the laboratory to understand characteristics its luminescent system. Light emission appeared as an intense glow after stimulation with potassium chloride, and was associated secreted mucus. mucus viscous, blue color, exhibited a long‐lasting that greatly intensified by addition peroxidase or ammonium persulfate....

The potential for in situ turbulence to inhibit dinoflagellate population growth has been demonstrated by experimentally exposing cultures quantified shear flow. However, despite interest understanding environmental factors that affect the of toxic dinoflagellates, little is known effect on toxin‐producing species. Cultures dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense , a producer toxins responsible paralytic shellfish poisoning, were exposed laminar generated Couette flow 1–24 h d −1 over 6–8 d....

In the oceanic midwater environment, most animals have evolved an extraordinary anti‐predation behavior using bioluminescent countershading (counterillumination) to help them remain cryptic visual predators. For penaeid shrimp, Sergestes similis, interaction of both hormonal and neural systems may be involved in control counterillumination. S. similis responds downward‐directed illumination, detected by eyes, with light emission from five hepatic organs. Dark‐adapted specimens undergo a slow...