This article presents an efficient method for solving the optimal tracking control policy of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) using a hybrid adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) approach. approach integrates data-driven integral reinforcement learning (IRL) and event-driven (DED) mechanisms into solution established augmented system while obtaining both feedforward feedback components controller. For USV model reference trajectory, is established, Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation derived...

Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial organelle in eukaryotic cells that regulates protein synthesis, folding, and transport, playing vital role maintaining homeostasis functions. Tumor evade the immune surveillance killing of body by synthesizing checkpoint proteins ER, thereby inhibiting T cell‐mediated antitumor responses enhancing tumor tolerance, leading to poor efficacy cancer immunotherapy. Herein, an ultrasound‐triggered piezo‐nanomedicine designed with targeting...

The setup for testing radiated disturbance induced by insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and auxiliary circuits was established. characteristics of methods to suppress the electromagnetic interference (EMI) were experimentally studied. EMI bandwidth circuit concentrated in range 30-300 MHz. mathematical model an IGBT proposed based on setup, which includes all structures detail. electric fields calculated from using method moments. Moreover, disturbances due operation effects metal...

Blade and winding failure often occur in the marine current turbine (MCT), which is usually subject to biofouling effects. Realizing accurate fault diagnosis of MCT great significance. This article proposes a novel method identify states blades windings by optimization resampled modulus feature (ORMF) 1D-convolutional Neural Networks (1D-CNN). First, raw stator measurements are transformed into signal. Then, ORMF proposed tackle problem faint characterization due various currents. Afterward,...

The radiated electromagnetic disturbance was evaluated by measuring the electric field intensity in a bandwidth of 10 kHz-2.75GHz near valve hall, direct-current (DC) area, reactor room, and transformers ±320-kV modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage, (MMC-HVDC) converter station.In addition, distribution analyzed various regions station.According to law fields attenuation with distance, intensities at position 200 m away from station calculated using measured station.The results...

Transient Enclosure Voltage (TEV) generated during Ultra High (UHV) Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) switch operation is a consequence of the propagation voltage steps created by collapse across inter-contact gap at striking. Excessive TEV may damage primary and secondary equipment which connected with shell GIS, accurate measurement necessary important. The resistive impedance divider to measure mentioned IEC 61321-1, but it does not provide specific system procedure, reports on UHV GIS are...

In order to predict accurately the radio frequency interference produced by HVDC voltage source converter(VSC-HVDC) valve, based on a ±320kV modular multilevel converter (MMC-HVDC) station in China, calculation model was established using method of moments. Electromagnetic characteristic analyzed this paper. The near electric field distribution and far propagation were calculated different frequencies. Finally, comparison between electromagnetic results RFI limits HV MV substations at 200...

A multi-terminal modular multilevel converter-based high voltage direct current (MTDC) system has become a popular research topic. Improvements to the level and capacity have attracted increasing attention its radiated electromagnetic disturbances. This paper discusses measurements analysis of electric field characteristics for an MTDC station. The control frequency causes peak at multiples 10 kHz, which reach approximately 80-90 dBμV/m with interval time 100 μs. In addition, distribution...

Wireless sensor unit is a vital part of the Internet Things, which responsible for signal acquisition and transmission. Electromagnetic disturbance issue in substation where wireless sensors are usually located be studied to ensure reliability security Things. This paper focuses on electromagnetic generated by operation power system. Through field measurements, research characteristics steady-state transient substations different voltage levels insulation types carried out. Moreover,...

Some partial IEC reference circuit models of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) components have been slightly modified, and make them apply to a wide frequency range which meets VFTO calculation requirement, combine with analytical formulas the finite element method (FEM), extract parameters main GIS components, establish equivalent components. Take UHV 1000kV test as an example, calculate very fast transient overvoltage(VFTO) both on load side power supply GIS, compare results calculations...

This paper studies on immunity of wireless sensor unit in the Internet Things substation, which is responsible for signal acquisition and transmission. Field measurement experiment indicate that influenced by electromagnetic disturbance substation. Analysis data shows frequency range includes communication unit. In order to reveal distribution induced voltage under ensure reliability security simulation test are performed.

In VSC-HVDC converter station, the level of electromagnetic interference at station directly affects control system and protection system. Every fast firing breaking process IGBT leads to an transient process, as well field with high frequency wide spectrum. this paper, conducted on both sides AC / DC was studied; radiation electric near single-stage valve tower copper bar PCB board are measured analyzed.

In order to predict the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) level of HVDC-flexible converter valve, topology Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) and its operation mechanism were analyzed. The radiation model valve tower was set up in this paper. Considering changing states IGBT, time-variable. far field directional diagram strength calculated. simulation results compared with measurement limit value standard. showed that: as frequency increases, station RFI produced decreases value,...

This article focuses on the problem that voltage recovery time of relay protection circuits in converter stations is too long under lightning surges. A surge protective device (SPD) a circuit an ultrahigh-voltage (UHV) station investigated. Based action characteristics gas discharge tube (GDT) and metal oxide varistor (MOV) 1.2/50 μs surge, equivalent model series-combined SPD established. In model, this study considers breakdown voltage, nonlinear impedance, parasitic capacitance, stray...

For measuring the electric-field intensity in near field, characteristics of top-loaded short dipole antenna is studied theoretically this paper and applied to an electric field measurement system. The impedance orientation map analyzed using electromagnetic simulation software electricity-short input measured with help network analyzer. designation operational amplifier for antenna-to-receiver match sensitivity system increased. validity strength detected by a parallel-plate capacitor.

This paper is to study the effect of power line communication (PLC) system for meter reading on electromagnetic environment. The experimental PLC testing radiated disturbance set up. methods match regulation FCC Part 15. simulation model established using method moment, and its effectiveness verified by comparing calculated results with measured data. At application sites reading, voltage at beginning lines intensity typical measurement points in area are under three operating conditions...

Switch operation and bypass gap sparkover in Ultrahigh Voltage (UHV) Fixed Series Capacitors (FSC) produce fast on-platform transient overvoltage primary side couple into the protection control system of secondary side. To understand electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics UHV FSC both side, we focus on high-potential primary-side secondary-side disturbance measurement a life-size experimental platform. Firstly, set up Electromagnetic Transient Interference Measurement System...

Considering the influence of wires sag, towers, up-and-downs on ground, surrounding buildings and other situations, ionized field under HVDC transmission lines is actually a 3-D its calculation method necessary to be found. In this paper, calculate was proposed based Deutsch assumption. After validity testified, some conclusions will given.

The equivalent circuits modeling method is developed for the EMP(Electromagnetic pulse) generators of equipment-level immunity test. On double-exponential function EMP waveform, corresponding circuit structure introduced, and calculation given to obtain RLC parameters. For EFT(Electrical Fast Transient/Burst), surge combination wave, ESD(Electro-Static Discharge), components parameters are proposed. Finally, simulation results validate proposed models.

The radiated electromagnetic disturbance models of HVDC modular multilevel converter (MMC-HVDC) system in different structures were established under the condition determined capacity system. electric field distribution at 5 meters from valve towers hall and 200 calculated frequency domain. characteristics obtained, which provides a reference for design MMC-HVDC compatibility.

Considering the structure of modular multilevel converter (MMC-HVDC) valve, coupling path electromagnetic interference is analyzed. In order to accurately predict radio frequency (RFI) produced by MMC-HVDC converter, 3D mo

ABSTRACT This paper considers the problem of decentralized finite‐time adaptive neural output‐feedback quantized control for a class switched nonlinear large‐scale delayed systems. A high‐gain state observer is therefore constructed each subsystem to estimate unavailable system states. Different from traditional Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional method, multiple functions are introduced develop strategy with network approximation Under category switching signals persistent dwell time, all in...