Urbanization is currently one the most important causes of biodiversity loss. The Colombian Andes a well-known hotspot for biodiversity, however, it also exhibit high levels urbanization, making useful site to document how species assemblages respond habitat transformation. To do this, we compared structure and composition bird between rural urban habitats in Armenia, medium sized city located Central Colombia. In addition, examined influence characteristics on diversity within Armenia. From...

Many organisms have evolved adaptations to increase the odds of survival their offspring. Parental care has several times in animals including ectotherms. In amphibians, ~ 10% species exhibit parental care. Among these, poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are well-known for extensive care, which includes egg guarding, larval transport, and specialized tadpole provisioning with trophic eggs. At least one third dendrobatids displaying aposematism by exhibiting warning coloration that informs...

Acoustically communicating species have evolved adaptations that allow them to transmit information and overcome signal masking where their habitat is disturbed by anthropogenic noise. To investigate whether calling behaviour or spatial distribution related road traffic noise we studied the poison frog Andinobates bombetes in a mid-elevation forest remnant has been exposed heavy throughout more than four decades. test frogs avoid call during episodes generated passing trucks, compared...

According to the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, communication signals are evolutionary shaped in a way that minimizes its degradation and maximizes contrast against background noise. To compare importance for call divergence of hybridization, an force allegedly promoting phenotypic variation, we compared mate recognition signal two species poison frogs (Oophaga histrionica O. lehmanni) at five localities: (one per species) alongside noisy streams, away from one interspecific hybrid. We...

Ikakogi is a behaviorally and morphologically intriguing genus of glassfrog. Using tadpole morphology, vocalizations, DNA, new species described from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia. The taxon second known identical to I. tayrona (except for some larval characters) but differs by its genetic distance (14.8% mitochondrial encoded cytochrome b MT-CYB; ca. 371 bp) dominant frequency advertisement call (2928-3273 Hz contrast 2650-2870...

Abstract The evolution and diversification of animal reproductive modes have been pivotal questions in behavioural ecology. Amphibians present the highest diversity among vertebrates, involving various behavioural, physiological morphological traits. One such feature is amplexus, which clasp or embrace males on females during reproduction found almost universally anurans. Hypotheses about origin amplexus are limited not tested thoroughly, nor they taken into account evolutionary...

AbstractWe examine factors that influence male mating success in the glass frog Centrolene savagei; addition, we describe courtship behaviour, oviposition and early parental behaviour. Fieldwork was conducted Colombian Andes during rainy season from April 2006 to January 2011. Larger males had more chances of than smaller males; neither height calling site nor number nights influenced success. Apparently, females choose on basis call frequency attributes. Ours is first study frogs report...

Based on literature and field data, a list of the herpetofaunal in Departament Valle del Cauca, Colombia was elaborated. Currently, known information about amphibian richness is composed 162 species; most them frogs toads (148 anuran species vs 4 salamanders 10 Caecilians). The reptiles are represented by 130 species, from which 68 snakes, 53 lizards, 7 turtles only two crocodilians. Most Cauca concentrated Pacific region Western Andes. available indicates that threatened status herpetofauna...

In anurans, vocalisations are the main behavioural modality of communication. Hence, description acoustic signals in anurans is important for understanding many aspects their biology. We describe first time advertisement calls eight glass frog species (Centrolene antioquiensis, "Centrolene" robledoi, Nymphargus caucanus, N. chami, ignotus, rosada, spilotus, Sachatamia orejuela) and provide additional data on recently described Espadarana audax. addition, we review current knowledge all...

Poison frogs of the superfamily Dendrobatoidea have fascinated researchers since 19th century, which is reflected in multiple studies on their natural history, taxonomy, toxicity, colour pattern diversity, and elaborate territorial, reproductive parental care behaviours. Broadly speaking, however, term "poison frogs" may apply as well to other taxa also possess skin toxins. Hereon, we refer poison this extended group involving, besides (Dendrobatidae + Aromobatidae), a few genera families...

Abstract According to the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, abiotic noise generated by streams should promote evolution of high‐pitched signals in acoustically communicating animals. The putatively selective effect is best demonstrated studying trait–environment correlations across recently or currently diverging lineages, and when we understand ecological interactions that underlie pressures. We studied microclimate, frog distribution, noise, frequency advertisement call Andean poison...

Anurans of the family Centrolenidae are a highly diverse clade Neotropical treefrogs. In last two decades, glassfrogs have become model system for studies in ecology and evolutionary biology, part because their taxonomy phylogenetic relationships considered relatively well established. However, there still many gaps our knowledge, example, which morphological characters important species delimitation. Consequently, several complexes remain unresolved. Using data on external internal...

Abstract To find out the main cause of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in Cuban treefrog Osteopilus septentrionalis, I studied between April 2002 and 2004 breeding behavior survival individuals a population localized north-western Puerto Rico, West Indies. This species is an explosive breeder whose events lasted one night. Mature females were larger body (snout vent-length, SVL) (range 57-107 mm) than mature males 41.5-67 mm), exhibited higher levels (males: 0.72, 95% confidence interval...

Abstract Aposematism is the use of warning signals to advertise unpleasant or dangerous defences potential predators. As effectiveness this strategy depends on predator learning, little variation expected in aposematic signals, as similar facilitate learning. However, are frequently variable species. Such variability could arise a result geographic interpretation that local predators give signals. We tested divergent learning hypothesis polytypic poison frog Andinobates bombetes (Anura:...

Previous work has shown that Centrolene savagei is unique among the more than 150 species in family Centrolenidae demonstrating large-male mating advantage. However, it still unknown whether non-random this mediated by intrasexual and/or intersexual selection. To disentangle effect of these selective pressures on pattern species, we monitored breeding behavior individuals a population located department Quindío, Central Andes Colombia. We conducted diurnal and nocturnal surveys each weekend...

Glassfrogs (family Centrolenidae) are a charismatic group that currently contains about 149 species biogeographically restricted to the Neotropics (Frost 2013). The advertisement call and tadpole has been described for less than 25% glassfrog species, 32 35 respectively (e.g. Márquez et al. 1996; Ospina-Sarria 2011). Centrolene savagei (Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch 1991; Fig. 1) is of relatively small size frogs (mean snout-vent length, SVL, females: 23.6 mm, males: 21.1 mm) occurring in both...

Atelopus laetissimus is an endemic and threatened harlequin frog from the high mountain forests of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Knowledge its reproductive biology essential for understanding intraspecific interactions that can help conservation species. We quantified energy, measured in body weight, invested by males females A. reproduction, how this energetic investment related to survival individuals rainfall conditions habitats during two years (2014 2015). Our results show...

Population and reproductive behaviour aspects of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon are well known for populations from Central America, but similar information is lacking South America. We recorded ecology a population E. in city Armenia, Andes Colombia. With weekly surveys with mark-recapture between December 2013 November 2015, we monitored activity patterns evaluated if probability males mating associated to their body size or chorus tenure (i.e. number nights same individual calling...

La comunicación acústica es la modalidad de más estudiada en anuros. No obstante, del repertorio señales acústicas que se conoce para anuros, tradicionalmente ha descrito el canto anuncio, mientras cantos cortejo y auxilio son menos conocidos. Dado caracterizar las anuros útil estudios ecología, sistemática evolución, implementación estrategias manejo conservación, este estudio describimos tres tipos rana cristal Hyalinobatrachium tatayoi (Centrolenidae). Entre julio diciembre 2022...