This paper aims at characterizing and improving the metrological performances of current voltage instrument transformers (CTs VTs) in harmonic measurements power system. A theoretical analysis is carried out to demonstrate that, due iron core nonlinearity, CT VT output signal distorted even when input a pure sine wave. Starting from this analysis, new method for characterization compensation proposed. In first step, they are characterized sinusoidal conditions phasors measured; second these...

Nowadays, the interest in low-cost and increasingly accurate phasor measurement units (PMUs) for active distribution systems is steadily growing. In this paper, an algorithm synchrophasor, fundamental frequency, rate of change frequency estimation tailored processing platforms with limited computational resources described characterized extensively terms both accuracy time. The proposed solution harnesses main advantages two state-of-the-art algorithms, i.e., interpolated discrete Fourier...

The assessment of the power quality (PQ) could be a valuable tool to foster efficiency railway systems. PQ is well-addressed topic in conventional ac 50/60 Hz systems, and many procedures, algorithms measurement systems were presented international standards widely discussed scientific literature. A less explored research field traction supply particular with reference dc 16.7 article explores this theme, proposing an extension definitions standard procedures for some main indexes, well...

A setup for the measurement of frequency response voltage transformers under actual waveform conditions is presented. It based on a two-step procedure that makes use high gas insulated capacitors and digital bridge. allows calibrations using distorted waveforms, with fundamental tone at medium level superimposed harmonics up to 20% 15 kHz. Combined standard uncertainty in transformer (VT) error estimated 200 μV/V ratio 300 μrad phase displacement 10 First applications VTs different rated...

The advance in power electronics causes, over the years, an increasing diffusion of nonlinear loads. Moreover, electrical generation systems are going to include a growing amount solar and wind energy, characterized by time-variant flow energy and, very often, with relevant distortion. These aspects give more emphasis monitoring conducted disturbances on wide frequency range, consequently, voltage current transducers adopted for this aim must have proper bandwidth. Voltage transformers (VTs)...

One method to model power electronic devices for harmonic emission studies is using frequency-domain models based on the frequency coupling matrices. This paper presents a new test procedure experimental evaluation of matrix elements devices. An automated system designed, realized, and characterized from metrological perspective. Experimental tests show tremendous increase in speed comparison classical procedures present literature, with same levels accuracy obtained results.

With the proliferation of harmonic sources in power systems, current transformers (CTs), which are most widely used transducers will have to measure and monitor signals with increasing levels distortion. The accuracy measurement can be affected by nonlinear response CT, is dependent on distortion measured signal, but mathematical models compensate value. In this paper, complex ratio CT modeled using a frequency domain model based tensor linearization, obtaining real-valued compensation...

The electrical arc occurring in the sliding contact between supply line and current collector (pantograph) of an locomotive is a fast transient phenomenon able to degrade progressively line-to-pantograph quality and, consequently, continuity operation. In order increase energy efficiency railway system, inexpensive solution constituted by detection event analysis voltage measurements already available on-board train. An essential activity reach this objective set up reliable model system...

The measurement of harmonics is one the key tasks in modern power systems, performed basically for quality assessment, verification planning levels compliance, immunity and compatibility purposes so on.Especially at Medium Voltage (MV) High (HV) levels, are always measured through Current Transformers (VTs CTs), which very often inductive.Recent papers show that inductive VTs CTs, due to intrinsic iron core nonlinearity, can introduce errors up some percent harmonic measurements.The paper...

The integration of renewable energy sources on a large scale in the electrical distribution systems, as well widespread non-linear loads, has led to significant increase power quality (PQ) disturbances. For this reason, PQ monitoring is also becoming key task medium voltage (MV) grids. measurement at MV levels can only be performed using instrument transformers (ITs) down level and current suitable for input stage instruments. However, no international standards currently require...

The increasing integration of power electronics and renewable energy sources in modern electrical grids has introduced new challenges medium voltage transformer calibration, particularly the frequency range from 9 kHz to 150 kHz. Accurate traceable calibration methods are essential ensure reliable measurement grids, where quality compliance with IEC 61869-1:2024 standards critical. This study presents advancements development techniques for transformers operating within this range. approach...

Calibration of electrical energy meters is coming up as a metrological concern. The latest European Union (EU) directives about measuring instruments adopted for commercial transactions state that their accuracy has to be verified in actual operating conditions. This requirement leaving all laboratories involved meter calibration serious difficulty because this kind verification is, at the moment, still not fully developed or even clarified aspects. In paper, measurement equipment presented....

In this paper, the design and prototype implementation of a power-quality (PQ) measuring monitoring instrument based on an embedded controller with reconfigurable I/O are described. The performs calculation main PQ indexes according to latest standards, it can be reconfigured for future standard developments. It is properly implemented operate in stand-alone mode, interfaced hardware modules exchange information data, locally, RS-232 connection or, remotely, Transmission Control...

This paper analyzes the accuracy of algorithms commonly adopted in instruments devoted to detection and characterization voltage dips (which are also called sags). analysis is particularly interesting, because results dip measurements utilized for calculation severity levels site indexes, which important parameters not only assessment quality level power supply but selection equipment with proper intrinsic immunity. Instruments measurement still have unresolved technical theoretical issues...

This paper reports the results of analyses on accuracy algorithms commonly adopted in instruments devoted to detection and characterization voltage dips (also called sags). analysis is particularly interesting because dip measurements are used for calculation severity levels site indexes that important parameters assessment quality level power supply but also selecting equipment with proper intrinsic immunity. Anyway, measurement still have unresolved technical theoretical issues related...

The smart grid approach is envisioned to take advantage of all available modern technologies in transforming the current power system provide benefits stakeholders fields efficient energy utilisation and wide integration renewable sources. Energy storage systems could help solve some issues that stem from usage terms stabilizing intermittent production, quality peak mitigation. With into grids, their accurate modeling becomes a necessity, order gain robust real-time control on network,...

With the advent of smart grid paradigm, medium voltage (MV) distribution networks have experienced great structural changes that, with massive deployment distributed generation, impose network monitoring in a wider frequency range, up to some kilohertz, evaluate power quality (PQ) phenomena and ensure proper operation. Classical instrument transformers (VT) primary rated voltages higher than few tens kilovolt are typically usable limited range around frequency, thus for accurate measurements...

Instrument Transformers (ITs) are essential devices for all the measurement tasks, f.i. metering, protection and diagnostics, in electricity grids, since they scale voltage current down to levels compatible with measuring instruments. At input of Power Quality (PQ) instruments Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), inductive transformers (VTs CTs) still most used ITs, even if, their performance presence disturbances is not fully assessed. This paper analyses impact CTs on fundamental...

This paper presents a real-time compensation method for the improvement of frequency behavior measurement transducers already operating or to be installed in transmission and distribution grids. The developed technique relies on identification an infinite impulse response digital filter with complex equal inverse transducer, whose parameters are evaluated through hybrid scheme based combination stochastic deterministic procedure. Attention is focused algorithm capability, sensitivity...

Smarter sensors and transducers are required in the new smart grid scenario with increased performances, terms of high accuracy wide frequency bandwidth. Traditional calibration systems, developed for conventional instrument transformers not suitable performance verification types non-conventional transformers, both input range Therefore, a industrial comparator sensor is presented this paper, which intended voltage current from dc to tens kilohertz. Its performances allow calibration,...

Similar to low-voltage power systems, also in medium voltage networks there is a growing need for quality (PQ) analyses, required by the increasing diffusion of distributed generation sources equipped with switching converters. This leads employment transducers and measurement techniques able convert acquire signals better accuracy on wider frequency range than conventional current instrument transformers. Voltage dividers (VDs) are expected become most used PQ assessments, since, respect...

In PV applications, under mismatching conditions, it is necessary to adopt a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique which able regulate not only the voltages of modules array but also DC input voltage inverter. Such can be considered hybrid MPPT (HMPPT) since neither distributed on or centralized at this paper new HMPPT presented and discussed. Its main advantages are high efficiency speed obtained by means fast estimate optimal values inverter voltage. The compared with simple...