The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 150 studies in which the risk-taking tendencies male and female participants were compared. Studies coded with respect to type task (e.g., self-reported behaviors vs. observed behaviors), content smoking sex), 5 age levels. Results showed that average effects for 14 out 16 types risk taking significantly larger than 0 (indicating greater participants) nearly half .20. However, certain topics intellectual physical skills) produced gender differences...

Two experiments were conducted to explore the relation between conceptual and procedural knowledge in domain of mathematics. The simultaneous activation view, which argues that computational errors arise from impoverished concepts can be eliminated by giving concrete referents symbols, was compared with dynamic interaction for distinct systems interact diachronically a progressive independence expertise. Experiment 1 revealed many 4th- 6th-grade children possess significant but made...

The present study examined children's comprehension of certainty and uncertainty within the context concrete propositional reasoning tasks. First, third, fifth graders were given PierautLeBonniec's (1980) box task a multisufficient causality to assess about in contexts. Children also conditional syllogisms this ability context. Half children at each grade contramanded syllogism statements intended block erroneous conversational inferences made these statements. Results indicated no...

Although studies have demonstrated a relationship between working memory and achievement in math reading, it is still unclear why might be related to these abilities. In the present article, we examined viability of several possible theories 2 separate analyses reading. each case, contrasted predictions cognitive filter model, transactional positive manifold model using data from 2011 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten (ECLS-K). Results path structural equation modeling (SEM)...

Part I: Introductory Issues. Introduction. Brain Development, Language, and Literacy. II: The Development of Spoken Language Competence. An Overview Phonological Skills. Word Meaning Vocabulary. Grammatical Knowledge. III: Reading Writing Beginning Reading. Comprehension. IV: Individual Group Differences in Motivational Issues Speaking, Reading, Writing. Sociocultural V: Instructional Techniques Programs. General Principles Effective Instruction. Literacy Programs That Work.

Two studies were conducted to determine the extent which feedback could improve decision‐making of adolescents and adults. In Experiment 1, 96 eighth graders adults engaged in a task that required choice between easy hard questions. types (i.e., verbal outcome) used help participants identify type question would be most likely earn them points. Results showed (1) neither group benefited from feedback, (2) more outcome than graders. 2, two once again employed context medical task. Fifty‐five...

The primary aims of the present studies were to (a) add sparse developmental database on risk taking and (b) conduct initial tests a self-regulation model (SRM) taking. According SRM, inappropriate is associated with overconfidence, falling prey dysregulating influences (e.g., impulsivity, peer presence, etc.), an insensitivity outcomes. Experiment 1 tested these proposals by assessing effects presence 4 personal factors 3rd, 5th, 7th graders. Results generally supported predictions SRM. In...

In this study, a secondary analysis of the National Assessment Educational Progress was conducted to provide insight into ethnic differences in 12th-grade math achievement. Using 3 conditions model (3C model) achievement as guide, regression analyses showed ethnicity accounted for less than 5% variance performance once indices socioeconomic status, exposure learning opportunities, and motivation were controlled. contrast, variables central 3C 45%-50% variance. The implications these results...