This is an historic overview of conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa from pre-colonial times through the present. It demonstrates that Africans practiced was ignored by colonial powers. The market economy combined with human and livestock population explosion 21st century are major factors contributing to demise wildlife critical habitat. Unique insight provided into economics a representative safari company, something has not been readily available Community Based Natural Resources Management...

Previous assessments of wildlife road mortality have not used directly comparable methods and, at present, there is no standardized protocol for the collection such data. Consequently, are internationally comparative statistics documenting roadkill rates. In this study, we a combination experimental trials and transects to design assess rates on both paved unpaved roads. Simulated were positioned over 1 km distance, conducted eight different speeds (20-100 km·h(-1)). The recommended was then...

Robust monitoring techniques, capable of showing change in the savanna when has occurred, are a prerequisite for better managing this ecosystem. The Step Point Method is well-established technique South African range surveys (Short and Morris 2016). However, it often considered inaccurate describing vegetation dynamics herbaceous layer due primarily to issues with sample sizes cover estimates , its inability capture spatial heterogeneity patchy distribution typical these ecosystems,...

This paper discusses land-sourced pollution with an emphasis on domestic sewage in the Caribbean relation to similar issues Indian Ocean and Pacific. Starting a large-scale 1980s, tropical Atlantic coastlines of Florida islands were over-developed point that traditional treatment disposal inadequate protect fragile coral reefs from eutrophication by nutrient pollution. caused both ecological public health problems. Coral smothered macro-algae died, becoming rapidly transformed into weedy...

Global positioning systems (GPS) technology has made athlete-tracking a convenient and accepted technique to specify movement patterns physical demands in sport. The purpose of this study was examine positional elite youth Gaelic football match-play using portable GPS heart rates across match periods. Fifty-six male footballers (age, 15 ± 0.66 years) fitted with 4-Hz units were observed during 6 competitive matches (60 minutes). Data provided from the unit included total distance,...

Aerial surveys have been used in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, to count large ungulates since late 1970s. After 1998, aerial line-transect sampling using fixed-wing aircraft and Distance analyses replaced ‘total’ counting method. This paper investigates these methods three intensities for estimating densities of nine ungulate species Park. Estimates suitable detection population trends making management decisions were decided by examination coefficients variation (set <20%, a...

Using a standard protocol, we conducted vertebrate roadkill surveys in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area (GMTFCA), South Africa, which is World Heritage Site. A total of 991 were recorded on paved roads and 36 unpaved roads. Identifiable comprised 162 species from 24 orders 65 families. Ninety-three could not be identified to level. Roadkill counts strongly influenced by road type season. More was than Irrespective type, proportion greatest hot/wet season (4.3...

This article focuses 'on the question of whether translocation elephants can be termed successful according to short-term indicators natural reproduction, mortality rate and population growth'. It is based on data collected by EMOA over past decade, particularly information obtained 2001 questionnnaire which served as base for a database tracking these aspects. Between 1979 800 elephant were reintroduced, largely from Kruger NP, 46 government 12 private reserves in South Africa. Most areas...

Wildlife conservation in Luangwa Valley depends on perception by local communities, and is affected wildlife crop raiding. Perception of farmers were elucidated between 2006/7 2008/9 farming seasons. Data collection was done using prescribed forms semi-structured questionnaires trained field assistants. The case study findings confirm that firstly, perceived actual losses differed 49.49 7.78% for mono-specific stands of maize cotton, respectively. Secondly, opportunity costs incurred higher...

Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in re-establishing species areas of extinction and are currently employed over 50 countries. Ironically, they may also be responsible for the pure genetic lineages via hybridization, thereby negatively impacting endangered, indigenous, rare species. Due to recent evolutionary divergence, black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) blue taurinus) can mate produce fertile offspring when sympatric. A total 6929 translocated from 273 private ranches 3...

In the construction of Diama and Manantali Dams, Senegal, constraints to large scale irrigation were not adequately taken into account, while date planned artificial floods assure continuation traditional production systems (e.g. recession agriculture, freshwater fish production, estuarine/marine fishery nursery grounds dry season forage) have been inadequate in both magnitude duration.

Despite the large number of collection records, there are no recent collections ixodid ticks this magnitude in Waterberg area, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Free-living on a commercial game farm were obtained by total 432 drag-samples eight sample sites from September 2003 to August 2008. The collected establish difference between tick species and densities associated with acaricide-controlled (semi-intensive) control-free areas Thabazimbi District, A collected, namely Amblyomma hebraeum,...

Land reform is a major Southern Africa issue. reform, to rectify its inequitable distribution between white and black Zimbabweans, became radicalized by President Robert Mugabe his political party ZANU‐PF as means stay in power. This has had adverse impacts on food production, conservation, use of wildlife, both national regional economies. Ill‐considered internal policies that result economic ruin uncontrollable immigration the poor, hopeless disenfranchised masses could end any hope for an...

Wildlife crop raiding was assessed in six chiefdoms of the Luangwa Valley, eastern Zambia between 2004 and 2008 to establish nature extent wildlife degredation examine impact existing mitigation measures being implemented deter raiding. Crop damage assessments, involving quality, stage growth proportion damage, were conducted using trained field enumerators. Structured questionnaires administered randomly local farmers that inflicted by raiders elucidate on-farm deterrence measures. Eleven...

The diving behavior of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) was recorded by means direct in-water observations during a period 8 months over 4 years on coral reef at D'Arros Island in the Seychelles. For that had become habituated, detailed behavioral were and quantified 148 contact hours which 187 turtle dives documented. Mean dive depth duration 8.2 m 27.4 minutes, respectively. Surfacing intervals lasted average 81.5 seconds mean number breaths 6.6 per surface interval....

The resurgence in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) poaching for ivory and bushmeat threatens the persistence of populations, continent wide. In addressing scourge, monitoring illegal killings elephants plays a key role effectively directing counter measures. This study evaluated spatiotemporal trends patterns poaching. Illegal killing occurred mostly along major rivers, mainly late dry season during which period were more vulnerable to exploitation. However, wet season, retaliatory...

A database of approximately 9000 trophy measurements ungulates hunted in South Africa between 1993 and 2001 was analysed order to detect monotonic trends quality over time. In a species-specific analysis, declines were found for impala (Aepyceros melampus), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula). an area-specific decline the Northern Cape Province. Conversely, blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) (species-specific) Free State Province (area-specific)...

We investigated the relationship between prevalence and severity of clinical signs Demodex cafferi infection in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) other factors such as age, sex, pregnancy status, concomitant infections with bovine tuberculosis (BTB), Rift Valley fever (RVF), brucellosis (BA). Approximately half 203 examined this study had demodicosis (cutaneous nodules); younger age classes highest lesions (chi(2)=21.4, df=6, P=0.0015). Nodules were generally limited to head...