Inductive power transfer (IPT) is an emerging technology that may create new possibilities for wireless charging and applications. However, the rather complex control method low efficiency remain key obstructing factors general deployment. In a regularly compensated IPT circuit, high controllability of voltage function are always conflicting requirements under varying load conditions. this paper, relationships among compensation parameters, circuit efficiency, function, conduction angle...

An empirical model of stomatal conductance is presented. The predictions correlate with experimental determinations the responses to several kinds short-term and long-term perturbations, including irradiance, temperature, CO2 O2 partial pressures, leaf age nitrogen nutrition. not mechanistic cannot account for observed functioning stomata independent mesophyll. Nevertheless its success in predicting intact leaves means that mathematical expressions used must be analogous those describing...

The inductive power transfer (IPT) technique in battery charging applications has many advantages compared to conventional plug-in systems. Due the dependencies on transformer characteristics, loading profile, and operating frequency of an IPT system, it is not a trivial design task provide required constant current (CC) or voltage (CV) efficiently under condition wide load range possibly defined by profile. This paper analyzes four basic circuits with series-series (SS), series-parallel...

Secondary series- and parallel-compensations are widely used in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems for various applications. These compensations often studied under some isolated constraints of maximum transfer, optimal efficiency at a particular loading condition, etc. constitute an insufficient set requirements engineers to select appropriate compensation techniques be as voltage converter with conditions. This paper studies the characteristics IPT system frequencies operation...

Inductive power transfer (IPT) converters are resonant that attain optimal energy efficiencies for a certain load range. To achieve maximum efficiency, it is common to cascade the IPT converter with front-side and load-side dc/dc converters. The two normally controlled cooperatively requirements of output regulation efficiency tracking using control technique based on perturbation observation, which inevitably slow in response. In this paper, decoupled developed. solely responsible...

Compensation is crucial for improving performance of inductive-power-transfer (IPT) converters. With proper compensation at some specific frequencies, an IPT converter can achieve load-independent constant output voltage or current, near zero reactive power, and soft switching power switches simultaneously, resulting in simplified control circuitry, reduced component ratings, improved conversion efficiency. However, current depends significantly on parameters the transformer, which often...

ABSTRACT We determined the proximate chemical composition as well construction costs of leaves 27 species, grown at ambient and a twice‐ambient partial pressure atmospheric CO 2 . These species comprised wild agricultural herbaceous plants tree seedlings. Both average responses across range in response were considered. Expressed on total dry weight basis, main change due to was accumulation non‐structural carbohydrates (TNC). To lesser extent, decreases found for organic N compounds...

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Based on a generic transcutaneous transformer model, remote power supply using resonant topology for use in artificial hearts is analyzed and designed easy controllability high efficiency. The primary secondary windings of the are positioned outside inside human body, respectively. In such transformer, alignment gap may change with external positioning. As result, coupling coefficient also...

Series/series (S/S) and series/parallel (S/P) compensations are widely used in contactless power transfer systems. However, the inductive input impedance of S/S compensated converter operating at an output voltage gain intersection point impairs system's efficiency, S/P resonant frequency is quite sensitive to variation transformer's parameters caused by air gap change or misalignment. This paper proposes a novel series/series-parallel (S/SP) compensation topology achieve both high...

This paper studies wireless charging of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. The profile mandates a constant-current (CC) discharged battery until the voltage reaches cutoff at rated power. continues with constant-voltage (CV) power level down to 3% in order fully charge battery. An inductive-power-transfer (IPT) converter should be designed minimal number stages achieve high efficiency. However, efficiency such wide load range is difficult achieve. Moreover, efficiency-to-load...

Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems are resonant converters whose output characteristics mostly load dependent. Conditions for load-independent voltage-transfer ratios of IPT have been studied. However, current can be more desirable applications such as battery charging and LED driving. Theoretical operating frequencies maximal efficiency operation voltage the system explored in our previous paper. Using duality concept, should exhibit similar an converter. Thus, this paper, explored, aim...

LEDs are potential successors of incandescent lamps with high luminous efficacy and long lifetime. To improve the overall luminair lifetime, power efficiency lifetime LED ballasts become important factors. Efficiency gain in transformerless converters appears attractive for applications without isolation. Driving solid-state bulbs an existing lighting fixture such as PAR30 style housing from universal mains necessitates a high-voltage step-down ratio order to produce output voltage about...

Inductive power transfer (IPT) techniques are becoming popular in battery charging applications due to some unique advantages compared the conventional plug-in systems. A high-performance IPT charger should provide with an efficient profile consisting of constant current and voltage. However, a wide load range, it is hard realize initial load-independent (CC) subsequent voltage (CV) using single converter while maintaining nearly unity factor soft switching switches simultaneously. This...

Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems have many unique benefits compared to conventional plugged-in systems. The coupling pads in IPT are inevitably misaligned practical applications, thus leading variations of the transferred and efficiency that necessitate use complicated control for output regulation. A common solution is two converters with opposite trends pad misalignment, so total voltage or current could be kept near constant large variations. However, methods deriving effective...

Application of inductive power transfer (IPT) to electric vehicles moving along the road can provide more charging flexibility with reduction weight and size charge-storage batteries required in vehicles. Existing research focuses on efficiency improvement alignment tolerance IPT transformer. Consideration transformer track length vehicle speed is rarely discussed. In this paper, an system using a series sectional tracks studied. The relationship among various key parameters, such as speed,...

Constant output current is desirable for some wireless power transmission applications such as charging batteries and driving light-emitting diodes. Converters having an inherently small fluctuation versus variations of load coupling are attractive solutions since converters can be controlled to achieve constant with minimum control efforts. In this paper, the impedance conditions characteristics different compensation types presented. It shown that producing load- coupling-independent at...

This article proposes a single-stage inductive-power-transfer (IPT) converter operating as wireless constant-power (CP) and maximum-efficiency battery charger. By maintaining constant output power rather than providing current throughout the dominant stage of charging, IPT can make utmost its capability, thus having faster charging rate. The proposed adopts series-series compensation includes switch-controlled capacitor (SCC) semiactive rectifier (SAR) in secondary side. Manipulating SCC SAR...

Load-independent output characteristics of an inductive power transfer (IPT) system are increasing interest in electric vehicle and LED lighting applications. All compensation networks the IPT actually high-order resonant circuits. In a network, there multiple frequencies to get load-independent voltage current output. It is critical analyze conditions achieve high efficiency both modes. This paper proposed general modeling method for arbitrary characteristics. A circuit can be modeled as...

An inductive power transfer (IPT) converter usually has an optimum efficiency only at a matched load. Because of wide load range variation during battery charging, it is challenging for IPT to achieve the required output and maintain high throughout charging process. In this paper, series-series compensated with active rectifier analyzed implemented charging. Appropriate operations are employed constant-current constant-voltage (CV) A novel operation approach proposed constant voltage ensure...

This paper addresses the design of efficient switched-capacitor power converters. The discussion starts with a review fundamental limitation circuits which shows that topology such and "forced" step changes capacitor voltages are inherent attributes loss. Although argument follows from rather trivial result basic circuit theory, it an important issue on maximum efficiency achievable in converter circuit. Based observed topological constraint circuits, simplest lossless for AC/DC conversion...

The relationship between transpiration ratio (R, of water transpired to carbon fixed) or cabon isotopic discrimination (Δ) and leaf dry-matter mineral content (m) was examined within several C3 species including monocot dicotyledonous (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum spontaneum, Helianthus annuus Nicotiana tabacum) the C4 species, Sorghum bicolor. In all whether grown in glasshouse field, m positively correlated R; consistently, Δ negatively sorghum. These genetic correlations contrast with...

LED light sources, which are more compact, capable to change color in real time, less dissipative, and durable finding applications than conventional bulbs domestic, commercial, industrial environments. However, requirements such as high-power factor, long lifetime, accurate current control, high-efficiency pose challenges the design of ballast circuits. This paper proposes an with a dual noncascading structure. The first-stage structure is isolated current-fed power factor correction (PFC)...

An analysis of elevated CO2 effects (2-4 times ambient) on dark respiration rate and carbon content was undertaken for a wide range plant species, using both published reports new data. On average, leaf per unit area slightly higher plants grown at high (16%), whereas small decrease found when expressed weight basis (14%). For the few data root respiration, no significant change due to could be detected. Carbon leaves stem showed increase (1.2 1.7% respectively), C-content roots not...