This paper presents three new indicators for assessing the energy efficiency of a pressurized water system and potential savings relative to available technology economic framework. The first two are ideal real efficiencies reflect values minimum required by users—the amount be supplied (because its behavior) actual consumed. third indicator is performance target, it estimated setting an ambitious but achievable level loss attributable inefficiencies in (e.g., pumping stations, leakage,...

La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre valoración de prueba pericial y el crimen organizado en Corte Superior Lima durante periodo 2022-2023. Se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo basado recolección análisis datos numéricos para comprender fenómenos encontrar patrones, permitiendo medir, comparar obtener resultados. población estuvo conformada por 67 fiscales del Ministerio Público Lima, abogados penalistas, jueces policías que laboraban los Juzgados Penales Lima....

Small and mid-sized water utilities face persistent challenges due to limited technical expertise financial resources, impeding effective management decision making. This study presents an enhanced version of the MACS Water Smart application, which integrates artificial intelligence EPANET-based hydraulic modelling with GIS (geographical information system) functionalities optimize supply networks. The methodology was applied potable system Khelvachauri, Georgia, experiences significant...

Pressurized Water Systems (PWS) is a key part of drinking water supply service. Irrigation – the greatest consumer shifting to PWS, making them vital irrigation communities. PWS are energy-hungry. As population grows, demand (for urban use and for irrigation) rises, require more energy (4% total Europe energy, 2% agriculture, 1- water) and, according Euroestat, may reach 100 TWh/year in 2013. In order reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), improve efficiency crucial way lower carbon economy,...

Single-jet meters are one of the most frequently used domestic that can be found in water distribution systems. Like any other meter technology, they have significant metrological limitations prevent them, even if recently installed, from measuring all consumption a customer. After installation, their characteristics evolve depending on particular design and actual working conditions field. This work presents comprehensive set tests to determine initial after installation weighted error two...

Research Article| March 18 2014 Including leakage in network models: an application to calibrate leak valves EPANET Ricardo Cobacho; Cobacho 1Universitat Politècnica de València, ITA (building 5C, 1st floor), 46022 Valencia, Spain E-mail: rcobacho@ita.upv.es Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Francisco Arregui; Arregui Javier Soriano; Soriano Enrique Cabrera, Jr Journal of Water Supply: and Technology-Aqua (2015) 64 (2): 130–138....

Tanks have always played a crucial role in urban water distribution systems. With well known advantages (as to guarantee reserves for emergencies) they are widely used. But present, as well, inconveniences such their contribution higher age and are, will be seen, energy-hungry. This paper introduces an indicator assess energy savings of direct supply (without head tanks) with regard the traditional indirect one (throughout tanks). Furthermore case study is presented showing reliability this...

The manuscript describes a simplified methodology with which to assess the economic level of apparent losses (ELAL) in water utility. This point corresponds break-even for marginal benefit increasing frequency losses’ reduction activities equalizes cost their implementation. For this calculation, each loss component, as defined by International Water Association, has been subdivided into two additional categories. These categories have established depending on how periodic conducted utility...

Water meter measuring errors vary depending on the water flow rate. The difference between actually consumed and registered by a will differ how consumption is distributed rates. Published studies assessing performance of new residential meters have only analysed error curves – without calculating influence that patterns their field performance. In most cases, research has been limited to analysing compliance with published standards. This work presents an evaluation actual commercial losses...

In ground-source heat-pump systems, the heat exchange rate is influenced by various design and operational parameters that condition thermal performance of pump running costs during exploitation. One less-studied area relationship between pumping in a given system rate. This work analyzes investment operating representative borehole heat-exchanger configurations with varying circulating flow means combination analytical formulas case study simulations to allow precise quantification capital...

In this paper, an algebraic expression is presented to determine the optimum hydraulic gradient (J0) in a pressurized water system. J0 represents economic level of friction losses (ELF), which dependent on network’s behavior as well other parameters, including energy and pipe costs. As these have prices changed over time, so has value J0. The network-related parameter was obtained from total costs function sum operational capital expenditures. Because exhibited opposite trend J, minimum cost...

To achieve maximum efficiency in water pressurized transport, it is necessary to perform a global analysis, whenever possible starting from the system's conception. The first stage of process network layout, main topic this paper. optimum topology an energy point view (or eco-layout) one that, insofar as feasible, allows equalizing network's pressure set standards. Eco-layouts can be easily designed new systems but are difficult implement, mainly short term, operating networks. Nevertheless,...

The paper provides a comprehensive perspective of the critical aspects to be taken into account when planning long-term management water meters in utility. In order facilitate their quick understanding and practical implementation, they have been structured nine steps. Ranging from an initial audit up final periodic meter replacement planning, these steps cover three problem - field work, laboratory work tasks; each one is developed detail paying attention particular data needed noting...

Pressurized Water Transport Systems (PWTSs) are responsible for a large percentage of the electricity consumption around world, and current trends suggest that this proportion will continue to increase in future. Controlling PWTS is therefore fundamental, including improving efficiency when necessary or compulsory. To achieve this, metrics objectively assess different losses whole system needed. These metrics, based on economic criteria, be stricter if environmental costs added water energy...

For more than a decade, foreign aid-supported water interventions focusing on an increase in household private connections have been implemented the small urban center of Wukro. However, little has investigated about effectiveness these achieving equitable and inclusive access to sanitation for all, including most vulnerable. With this purpose, cross-sectional comparative analysis service provision between HIV-infected population (n = 199) non-infected was undertaken. Findings suggest...

With more than 1,500 citations in ranked journals and hundreds of thousands downloads, EPANET is the benchmark software for analysis design pressurized water distribution networks. User-friendly, powerful reliable, its public domain use has spread throughout world. However, from an energy standpoint capacity limited to point at which, certain circumstances it can supply erroneous results. This understandable because on one hand main aim was model quality, other hand, conceived developed...

Apparent losses are integrated by four components: water meter inaccuracies, data pathway errors, unauthorized consumption, uncertainties in estimating unmetered consumption. Depending on the utility and local circumstances, each one of these components can adopt a larger or smaller importance. Obviously, accurate estimates apparent be an invaluable tool for utilities managers who, having this information, will know how to make more profitable investments. Strangely enough, however, until...

ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS AND SUCCESS RATE IN DEVELOPMENT MASTER DISSERTATIONS DISTANCE LEARNING DEGREES. COMPARISON WITH OFFICIAL FACE-TO-FACE DEGREES SAME SUBJECT AREA

This paper consists of an experimental and numerical study into transient behaviour in a residential building. The analysed effects occur by centrifugal pumps when they start with direct supply (fixed-speed are connected to the service pipe without atmospheric tank). Direct increases effect places higher demands on water main. properties such installation were using hydraulic model order detect most unfavourable scenario. results compared data. Basic hydraulics demonstrates that pressure...

La formación a distancia en el campo de la ingeniería conlleva necesidad definir un sistema autoevlación, que permita al alumno asegurarse va alcanzando los objetivos y comprensión temas desarrollados. No dominar conceptos clave puede conllevar no entendimiento desarrollos posteriores más complejos. Es necesario establecer una base sólida profundizar poco aspectos específicos elevados. Para conseguir este objetivo se ha desarrollado para todos cursos online impartidos por ITA, tanto superior...

The paper under discussion is of great interest, for it simultaneously 20 presents three relevant topics by themselves: (1) the optimal loca-21 tion valves pressure management, (2) importance pres-22 sure management in reducing leakage levels, and (3) possibility 23 to recover energy using pumps as turbines (PATs).The authors 24 present a complete cost-benefit analysis aiming determine 25 convenience certain investment.This methodology applied 26 real case, sector Naples' water distribution...