Kobayashi, Yasushi, Kenji Kawano, Aya Takemura, Yuka Inoue, Toshihiro Kitama, Hiroaki Gomi, and Mitsuo Kawato. Temporal firing patterns of Purkinje cells in cerebellar ventral paraflocculus during ocular following responses monkeys. II. Complex spikes. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 832–848, 1998. Many theories motor learning propose that complex spikes (CS) provide essential error signals for modulate parallel fiber inputs generate simple (SS). These theories, however, do not satisfactorily specify...

1. The firing characteristics and projection patterns of secondary vestibular nucleus neurons involved in the vertical vestibuloocular pathways were investigated alert cats. Single-unit recordings made medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) near trochlear from axons that monosynaptically activated after electrical stimulation nerve. In a total 253 identified neurons, 225 discharged relation to eye movements; 189 these increased their rate for downward movements 36 upward movements. activity...

1. The preceding study in the alert cat has shown that many secondary vestibular axons ascend medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) increase their firing rate proportion to downward eye position. In present study, projection and termination of these downward-position-vestibular (DPV) neurons within extraocular motoneuron pools were studied electrophysiologically by spike-triggered averaging techniques morphologically be reconstructing axonal trajectory after intra-axonal injection horseradish...

Human anatomical specimen museums are commonly used by medical, nursing, and paramedical students. Through dissection prosection, the specimens housed in these allow students to appreciate complex relationships of organs structures more detail than textbooks could provide. However, it may be difficult for students, particularly novices, identify various parts without additional explanations from a docent or supplemental illustrations. Recently, augmented reality (AR) has been many museum...

The purpose of the present experiments was to test hypothesis that metrics saccades caused by activation distinct collicular sites depend on strength their projections onto burst generators. This study morphofunctional correlations limited horizontal components saccades. We evoked stimulation deeper layers superior colliculus (SC) in alert, head-fixed cats. used standard stimulus trains 350 msec duration, 200 Hz pulse rate, and intensity set at two times saccade threshold all experiments....

Background Asymmetry in lower limb muscle strength and weight-bearing imbalance, commonly observed among athletes, individuals with unilateral impairments, stroke survivors, require targeted interventions to correct left-right imbalances. Such corrections are essential for enhancing athletic performance, minimizing injury risks improving gait functionality daily activity efficiency patients. This study explored, healthy participants, the potential of combining squat training optokinetic...

1. Extracellular spikes of burster-driving neurons (BDNs) were recorded within and immediately below the prepositus hypoglossi nucleus in alert cat. BDNs characterized by short-latency activation after stimulation contralateral vestibular nerve (latency: 1.4-2.7 ms) ipsilateral superior colliculus 1.7-3.5 ms). Convergence collicular inputs was found all 85 tested. Firing increased during horizontal head rotation decreased rotation. A burst induced association with saccades quick phases...

The incidence of orthostatic intolerance is elevated in endurance‐trained individuals. We sought to test the hypothesis that aerobic endurance training associated with an attenuated control cerebral vasculature. Endurance trained ( ET , n = 13) and age‐matched untrained UT 11) individuals (peak O 2 consumption, mean ± SEM ; 63 1 vs 42 mL /min/kg, P < 0.05) were examined while supine seated upright. Dynamic autoregulation CA ) was assessed by calculation rate regulation RoR from arterial...

Previous psychophysical studies have shown that the perceptual distinction between voiceless fricatives and affricates in consonant-vowel syllables depends primarily on frication duration, whereas amplitude rise slope was suggested as cue automatic classification experiments. The effects of both cues manner articulation /ʃ/ /tʃ/ were investigated. Subjects performed a forced-choice task (/ʃ/ or /tʃ/) response to edited waveforms Japanese /ʃi/, /ʃu/, /ʃɑ/. We found onset slope, interaction...

We investigated the relationship between eye movement and simple-spike (SS) frequency of Purkinje cells in cerebellar flocculus middle zone during optokinetic response (OKR) alert cats. The OKR was elicited by a sequence constant-speed visual pattern one direction for 1 s then opposite s. Quick-phase-free trials were selected. Sixty-six had direction-selective complex spike (CS) activity that modulated horizontal (preferring contraversive) but not vertical stimuli. SS OKR, preferring...

We recorded simple spike (SS) and complex (CS) firing of Purkinje cell in the cerebellar nodulus uvula awake, head-restrained cats during sinusoidal vertical rotation head four stimulus planes (pitch, roll, two canal planes). Two SS response types (position- velocity-types) with phases close to those position velocity, respectively, were recognized. Optimal directions for CS each estimated from amplitudes by fitting a function. The principal findings are as follows: (1) rostrocaudally...