SUMMARY This paper summarizes evidence for surface faulting in historical and recent earthquakes the Eastern Mediterranean region Middle East. Such information is particularly important studies of active tectonics palaeoseismology. We have found 78 cases pre-1900 72 post-1900, some which show that faults apparently been inactive this century had already ruptured before 1900. For could not predicted from 20th activity, others it expected, but has observed during instrumental period. The data...

Abstract Studies of coastal vulnerability due to climate change tend focus on the consequences sea level rise, rather than complex responses resulting from changes extreme wave climate. Here we investigate 2013/2014 winter conditions that severely impacted Atlantic coast Europe and demonstrate this was most energetic along since at least 1948. Along exposed open‐coast sites, extensive beach dune erosion occurred offshore sediment transport. More sheltered sites experienced less one even...

Abstract The storm sequence of the 2013–14 winter left many beaches along Atlantic coast Europe in their most eroded state for decades. Understanding how recover from such extreme events is essential coastal managers, especially light potential regional increases storminess due to climate change. Here we analyse a unique dataset decadal beach morphological changes west investigate post‐2013–14 recovery. We show that recovery signature site specific and multi‐annual, with one studied fully...

In the context of global climate change and sea-level rise, coastal dunes are often important elements in response to storm wave surge impacts on lowlands. Vegetation cover, turn, has profound dune morphology storm-buffering function; it binds existing sediment, promotes fresh sediment accumulation thereby increases volume crest elevation where a sediment-plant interaction plays out with vegetation growth attempting out-pace vertical accumulation. A analysis shows that cover increased...

The behaviour of offshore-directed winds over coastal dune and beach morphology was examined using a combination modelling (3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD)) field measurement. Both model simulations measurements showed reversal offshore flows at the back creation an onshore sediment transport potential. influence flow reversals on beach-dune system foredune growth patterns has previously received little attention. Detailed wind were made extensive array mast-mounted, 3-D ultrasonic...

The Little Ice Age is the most noted climatological event in recent history with dramatic consequences for a large part of western European coastal landscape. A major morphological feature associated this presence large-scale transgressive dune fields that actively advanced inland, encroaching, some cases, human settlements and directly affecting communities. Several hypotheses exist to explain formation such features, which purport increased storminess, sea-level changes, or activities as...

Recent advances in structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques have proliferated the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) monitoring coastal landform changes, particularly when applied reconstruction 3D surface models from historical photographs. Here, we explore a number depth map filtering and point cloud cleaning methods using commercial software Agisoft Metashape Pro to determine optimal methodology build reliable digital (DSMs). Twelve different photography-derived DSMs are validated...

Low frequency, high magnitude storm events can dramatically alter coastlines, helping to relocate large volumes of sediments and changing the configuration landforms. Increases in number intense cyclones occurring Northern Hemisphere since 1970s is evident with more northward tracking patterns developing. This brings added potential risk coastal environments infrastructure northwest Europe therefore understanding how these high-energy storms impact sandy coasts particular important for...

Infrequent but high energy storm events can radically modify coastlines, at times displacing significant sediment volumes and changing the configuration of coastal shorelines. More frequent more intense Atlantic storms over last 40 years have heightened potential risk to environments, population infrastructure. Understanding local environmental forcing conditions associated variables involved in impact response, better inform future management planning. This study examines impacts two...

Dunes and ripples are markers of eolian activity. arise evolve from the action wind blowing on sand grains can thus provide information past current regime. They constantly adjust adapt their shape through feedback between bed topography near-surface air flow. This interaction modulates erosion stoss side deposition lee side, eventually results in dune migration. Here, we present a workflow that quantitatively relates rate barchan dunes migration, which be measured remote sensing, to...

An experiment was conducted to examine the influence of fetch distance on aeolian sediment transport a natural sand beach at Benone Strand, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The site consisted wide dissipative beach, approximately 150 m low tide and 80 during high tide. Surface moisture levels (and hence dry distance) were dictated by both local groundwater, from stream outlet across as well tidal levels. abundant supply available experiment. High‐resolution (1 Hz) measurements made wind...

Following The Royal Society's decision to allow the release of hitherto confidential documents concerning referees' reports and other material relating publication historical manuscripts, present paper examines exchanges preceding two papers on turbulent flow by Osborne Reynolds that have so greatly influenced development Engineering Fluid Mechanics over past century. cited reveal that, although earlier experimental was warmly welcomed, referees were critical subsequent analytical...

Unsuccessful attempts to use process-scale models predict long-term aeolian sediment transport patterns have long been a feature of research. It has proposed that one approach overcome these problems is identify micro-scale variables are important at longer timescales. This paper assesses the contribution two system (secondary airflow and fetch distance) medium-term (months years) dune development. The importance had established during previous work site (Magilligan Strand, Northern...

Abstract Aeolian sediment transport under offshore winds is usually discounted from budget considerations of coastal dunes. Results presented here indicate however, that depending on wind orientation and foredune morphology, positive contributions to the can arise winds. Lee‐side airflow patterns, seaward crest, were studied at three sites varying geometry along Magilligan Strand, Northern Ireland. Ultrasonic anemometers recorded 1 Hz velocity data 1° intervals. Descriptive statistics rose...