Effective defense against natural threats in the environment is essential for survival of individual animals. Thus, instinctive behavioral responses accompanied by fear have evolved to protect individuals from predators and opponents same species (dominant conspecifics). While it has been suggested that all perceived environmental trigger set innately determined defensive responses, we tested alternate hypothesis different stimuli may evoke differentiable behaviors supported distinct neural...

In this study we provide a comprehensive analysis of the hypothalamic activation pattern during exposure to live predator or an environment previously associated with predator. Our results support view that processing actual and contextual predatory threats share same circuit, in which dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) plays pivotal role amplifying processing. To further understand PMd circuit organizing antipredatory defensive behaviors, studied rats cytotoxic lesions cat examined...

Predator exposure is a life-threatening experience and elicits learned fear responses to the context in which predator was encountered. The anterior cingulate area (ACA) occupies pivotal position cortical network responsive predatory threats, it exerts critical role processing memory. experiments were made mice revealed that ACA involved both acquisition expression of contextual threat. Overall, can provide predictive relationships between threat influences memory through projections...

Abstract The cuneiform nucleus (CUN) is a midbrain structure located lateral to the caudal part of periaqueductal gray. In present investigation, we first performed systematic analysis afferent and efferent projections CUN using FluoroGold Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as retrograde anterograde neuronal tracers, respectively. Next, examined behavioral responses optogenetic activation evaluated impact pharmacological inactivation in both innate contextual fear predatory threat (i.e.,...

Previous studies suggested a role for the rostral lateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) in inhibition of maternal behavior induced by low doses morphine dams with previous experience. In present study, we first showed that unilateral NMDA lesions placed this particular PAG region prevented morphine-induced previously morphine-sensitized dams. As Fos data on PAG, predatory hunting appears as likely candidate to replace morphine-treated By testing saline- and live cockroaches only, have presently...

Previous studies have documented a subjective temporal attraction between actions and their effects. This finding, named intentional binding, is thought to be the result of cognitive function that links consequences. Although several tried outline necessary sufficient conditions for quantitative comparison roles contiguity, predictability voluntary action evaluation interactions difficult due high variability binding measurements. In present study, we used novel methodology investigate...

Maternal aggression is under the control of a wide variety factors that prime females for or trigger aggressive event. attacks are triggered by perception sensory cues from intruder, and here we have identified site in hypothalamus lactating rats highly responsive to male intruder—the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv). The PMv heavily targeted medial amygdalar nucleus, used lesion immediate-early gene studies test our working hypothesis signals presence intruder transfers this information...

If a pair of dots, diametrically opposed to each other, is flashed in perfect alignment with another dots rotating about the visual fixation point, most observers perceive as being ahead flashing (flash-lag effect). This psychophysical effect was first interpreted result perceptual extrapolation position moving dots. Also, it has been conceived differential latencies between and stimuli, arising from purely sensory factors and/or expressing contribution attentional mechanisms well. In series...

In soccer games, an attacking player is said to be in offside position if he or she closer the opponents' goal line than both ball and second-to-last defender. It offence for attacker active play at moment a fellow team member plays ball. Assistant referees often make mistakes when judging offence, probably because of optical errors arising from viewing angle adopted by them (Oudejans, Verheijen, Bakker, Gerrits, Steinbrückner, Beek, 2000 Nature 404 33). Looking more closely Oudejans et al's...

Previous studies from our laboratory have documented that the medial hypothalamic defensive system is critically involved in processing actual and contextual predatory threats, dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) represents site most responsive to threats. Anatomical findings suggest PMd a position modulate memory through projecting branch specific thalamic nuclei, i.e., reuniens (RE) ventral part of anteromedial (AMv). In present study, we investigated role these targets both unconditioned...

Attention deficit, impulsivity and hyperactivity are the cardinal features of attention deficit disorder (ADHD) but executive function (EF) disorders, as problems with inhibitory control, working memory reaction time, besides others EFs, may underlie many disturbs associated disorder.To examine time in a computerized test children ADHD normal controls.Twenty-three boys (aged 9 to 12) diagnosis according Diagnostic Statistical Manual Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, 2000 (DSM-IV) criteria...

In the flash-lag effect (FLE), a flashing object appears to lag behind moving when both happen be physically aligned each other. According an earlier account of FLE (Baldo and Klein 1995 Nature 378 565-566), this perceptual phenomenon would result from differential delays in processing stimuli, presumably involving attentional mechanisms. Here, we have attempted demonstrate more convincing way participation voluntary attention as major component FLE. experiment 1 observer's set was induced...