Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of 3D printing that enables large elements to be built, with reasonable times costs. There are, however, uncertainties relating the structural performance WAAM material, including basic mechanical properties, degree anisotropy, influence as-built geometry variability in response. Towards addressing this knowledge gap, comprehensive series tensile tests on stainless steel was conducted; results are presented herein. As-built machined...

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a metal 3D printing method that allows the cost-effective and efficient production of large-scale elements, has thus gained great interest from architects structural engineers. Integration this novel technology into construction industry, however, requires development clear understanding mechanical behaviour WAAM materials. To end, comprehensive experimental study properties microstructure plates made normal- high-strength steels been undertaken...

Interest in the use of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) construction has increased rapidly recent years. Key to facilitating wider application is an improved understanding material behaviour. In particular, with structural design by finite element analysis mind, constitutive models describe full range stress-strain response WAAM steels are needed; development such focus present study. normal-strength generally exhibit a featuring well-defined yield point, plateau (for machined...

An experimental study into the structural behaviour of Directed Energy Deposition-arc or wire arc additively manufactured (DED-arc AM and WAAM, respectively) steel double-lap shear bolted connections is presented. The mechanical properties material, which had a nominal yield stress 420 MPa, were first determined by means tensile coupon tests. Sixty connection specimens two different thicknesses print layer orientations then tested to failure. geometry test was 3D laser scanning, while...

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of metal 3D printing that can be used to complement traditional steel techniques (e.g. hot-rolling and cold-forming), produce hybrid structural elements enhanced efficiency. The case hot-rolled I-sections strengthened by the addition WAAM stiffeners at flange tips focus present study. In improved local buckling resistance increased flexural rigidity achieved stiffeners, further source load-bearing capacity arises from inversion, through...

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of metal 3D printing which, when strategically combined with traditional methods manufacture, has the potential to make significant impact on construction sector. To illustrate this potential, an experimental investigation into flexural buckling response 15 hot-rolled I-section columns, strengthened by WAAM, been undertaken and presented herein. The WAAM material was added at flange tips distributed non-uniformly along member length....

Although additive manufacturing (AM) has been maturing for some years, it only recently started to capture the interest of cost-sensitive construction industry. The research presented herein is seeking integrate AM into sector through establishment an automated end-to-end framework generation high-performance structures, combining sophisticated optimization techniques with cutting edge methods. Trusses tubular cross-section subjected different load cases have selected as demonstrators...

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of metal three-dimensional (3D) printing that has the potential for significant impact on construction industry due to its ability produce large parts with reasonable times and costs. However, there currently lack fundamental data performance structural elements produced using this manufacturing. Seeking bridge gap, compressive behavior resistance WAAM square hollow sections (SHS) are investigated in paper. In previous study by authors,...

An experimental investigation into the structural performance of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) steel single-lap shear bolted connections is presented in this paper. The had a nominal yield stress 420 MPa. Sixty specimens different thicknesses, printing strategies and geometric features including end distances plate widths were tested analysed. shear-out, net section tension fracture, localised tearing curl-bearing failure modes observed discussed, while end-splitting was also...

An experimental study was conducted into the degree of composite action that can arise between cold-formed steel joists and wood-based flooring panels. A series material, push-out 4-point bending tests were carried out, alternative means shear connection, featuring fasteners adhesives, investigated. It found spacing application structural adhesive at beam-board interface had a significant influence on attained connection and, hence, moment capacity flexural stiffness system. The highest (up...

Although additive manufacturing (AM) continues to gain widespread adoption, the overhang problem remains a critical issue affecting printing quality. The design of self-supporting structures via topology optimisation approaches has been extensively studied. However, current research predominantly focuses on 3-axis AM machines, overlooking more recently developed multi-axis machines. Moreover, performance sacrifice due constraints in can be significant, especially with small volume fractions....

An experimental investigation has been conducted into the degree of shear interaction between cold-formed steel floor joists and wood-based flooring panels resulting benefits derived in terms composite action. A series four-point bending tests have carried out to evaluate overall system behavior, while material performed accurately define properties each component examined system. Two different transfer mechanisms were examined: self-drilling screws with varying spacing structural adhesive....

The MX3D Bridge is the world's first additively manufactured metal bridge. It a 10.5 m-span footbridge, and its dynamic response key serviceability consideration. bridge has flowing, sculptural form to footfall was initially studied using 3D finite element (FE) model featuring designed geometry material properties obtained from coupon tests. tested experimental modal analysis (EMA) operational (OMA) during commissioning prior installation. results have shown that measured vibration of under...

An experimental investigation into the behaviour of bespoke shear connectors designed to generate composite action in cold-formed steel-timber structures is presented. The response was assessed through a comprehensive set push-out tests, where steel thickness and connector type material were varied. Previous studies have shown that while use ordinary self-drilling screws as enables development some action, their performance inhibited by timber embedment. Hence, main feature innovative...