Abstract Oceanic red beds, preserving primary depositional remanent magnetization, play a key role in reconstructing the Tethyan paleogeography. However, partial remagnetization caused by chemical processes could be pervasive these rocks, leading to flawed reconstructions, and thus, differentiating secondary remanences is important. In this paper, we conduct multiple X‐ray diffraction, petrographic, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, rock magnetic analyses on Upper Cretaceous oceanic beds...

We present an observational study of stratospheric gravity wave spectra and seasonal variations potential energy density at the South Pole (90°S) Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica. The are derived from atmospheric relative perturbation in altitude range 30–45 km measured by iron Boltzmann lidar. ground‐relative characteristics obtained each location comparable, with annual mean vertical wavelength ∼4.1 km, phase speed ∼0.7 m s −1 , period ∼104 min. Approximately 44% observed waves show...

The downward fluxes of Fe and Na, measured near the mesopause with University Colorado lidars Boulder, a chemical ablation model developed at Leeds, are used to constrain velocity/mass distribution meteoroids entering atmosphere derive an improved estimate for global influx cosmic dust. We find that particles responsible injecting large fraction ablated material into Earth's upper enter relatively slow speeds originate primarily from Jupiter Family Comets. mean Na is 17,200 ± 2800...

[1] We report the first lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) and temperatures made with an Fe Boltzmann at McMurdo, Antarctica in summer 2010–2011. Eighty-five hours PMCs were observed between 21 Dec 2010 15 Feb 2011, giving overall occurrence frequency 29.9%. The mean PMC centroid altitude is 84.59 ± 0.17 km, confirming previous reports that Southern Hemisphere are ∼1 km higher than North. By combining McMurdo (77.8°S) those obtained South Pole (90°S) Rothera (67.5°S), we...

Abstract We present the first coordinated study using two lidars at separate locations to characterize a 1 h mesoscale gravity wave event in mesopause region. The simultaneous observations were made with Student Training and Atmospheric Research (STAR) Na Doppler lidar Boulder, CO, Utah State University temperature mapper Logan, UT, on 27 November 2013. high precision possessed by STAR enabled these waves be detected vertical wind. mean amplitudes are ~0.44 m/s wind ~1% relative altitudes of...

Femtosecond laser-driven approximately 1 GPa shock waves are used to compress monolayers of hydrocarbon chains. Vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy probes the orientation terminal methyl groups. With an odd number (15) carbon atoms, compression is elastic process that causes groups tilt. even (18) viscoelastic, creating single and double gauche defects. When unloads, defects remain while relax in 30 ps single-defect states with more upright

A Na double-edge magneto-optic filter is proposed for incorporation into the receiver of a three-frequency Doppler lidar to extend its wind and temperature measurements lower atmosphere. Two prototypes based on cold- hot-cell designs were constructed tested with laser scanning quantum mechanics modeling. The exhibits superior performances over cold-cell containing buffer gas. Lidar simulations, metrics, error analyses show that simultaneous are feasible in altitude range 20-50 km using...

We provide one of the first reports on diurnal variations Fe layer in mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) using nearly 1000 h data collected with an Boltzmann lidar at McMurdo, Antarctica from December 2010 through 2011. The undergoes significant bottomside autumn spring daytime downward extension nighttime upward contraction. Such are absent winter under 24‐h darkness. Summertime density perturbations exhibit tidal phase progression. bottom growth/contraction is shown to be a solar...

Abstract We report the first lidar observations of regular occurrence mid‐latitude thermosphere‐ionosphere Na (TINa) layers over Boulder (40.13°N, 105.24°W), Colorado. Detection tenuous (∼0.1–1 cm −3 from 150 to 130 km) was enabled by high‐sensitivity Doppler lidar. TINa occur regularly in various months and years, descending ∼125 km after dusk ∼150 before dawn. The downward‐progression phase speeds are ∼3 m/s above 120 ∼1 below 115 km, consistent with semidiurnal tidal speeds. One or more...

Laser-driven ∼1 GPa shock waves are used to dynamically compress self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) consisting of octadecanethiol (ODT) on Au and Ag, pentanedecanethiol (PDT) benzyl mercaptan (BMT) Au. The SAM response <4 ps loading ∼25 unloading is monitored by vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG), which sensitive the instantaneous tilt angle terminal group relative surface normal. Arrival front causes SFG signal loss in all SAMs with a material time constant <3.5 ps....

We report the first (to our knowledge) field demonstration of simultaneous wind and temperature measurements with a Na double-edge magneto-optic filter implemented in receiver three-frequency Doppler lidar. Reliable winds temperatures were obtained altitude range 10-45 km 1 resolution 60 min integration under conditions 0.4 W lidar power 75 cm telescope aperture. This edge multi-frequency concept can be applied to other direct-detection lidars for profiling both simultaneously from lower...

Abstract Simultaneous and common‐volume observations of Fe density, Na temperatures in the mesosphere lower thermosphere were made for 12 nights with an Boltzmann lidar a Doppler at Table Mountain Lidar Facility (40.13°N, 105.24°W) near Boulder, Colorado, August September 2010. We derive correlations among temporal variations Fe/Na densities temperatures, eliminating covariance bias via computing cross between (Na) density (Fe) temperature perturbations. The Fe‐Na correlation is positive...

A pure rotational Raman lidar (PRRL) for full-day troposphere temperature measurement was deployed in February 2020 at Zhongshan Station (69.37°S, 76.37°E), Antarctica, by the 36 th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. The PRRL emits a 532.23-nm laser light and employs 203.2-mm telescope to collect atmospheric backscatter. Cubic nonpolarizing beam splitters are introduced yield compact optics arrangement. quasi-single-line-extraction technique is proposed extracting molecular...

Abstract A sodium Doppler lidar system with three‐directional measurements of density, atmospheric wind field, and temperature was established at Zhongshan (69.4°S, 76.4°E), Antarctica. On November 14, 2019, a sporadic layer (SSL) observed an altitude range 93–103 km. The temporal/spatial density variations this SSL are associated strong E ( s ) nearly the same height, which is modulated by convective electric field. By considering structures time lags SSL's growth three positions, appears...

Stunning new science discoveries including neutral thermospheric metal layers in the 100–200 km altitude from McMurdo lidar campaign and other world observations have led to a initiative middle upper atmosphere community—the very large-aperture Observatory for Atmosphere Space Interaction Studies (OASIS). These recent technology breakthroughs Fe Na Doppler lidars are presented illustrate drivers foundations forming basis OASIS.

A compact all-fiber pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (PCDL) for boundary layer wind measurement was developed by the Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University Technology (Shandong Academy Sciences). It has been deployed at Zhongshan Station (69.4° S, 76.4° E) during 2020 austral summer season 36th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) and started routine observation in January 2020. This system, based on 1550 nm components, employs a 100 mm telescope with...

Abstract We analyze year‐round Fe lidar observations made in Antarctica at Rothera (67.7°S), South Pole (90°S), and McMurdo (77.8°S). During midsummer, when the mesopause region is continuously sunlit, density between 84 88 km independent of temperature, because photolysis FeOH so fast that virtually all converted to via this path, rather than temperature‐dependent + H reaction. The extremely low summertime densities are caused primarily by meridional transport northward out polar cap and, a...

Femtosecond laser‐driven shock compression experiments are described using nonlinear coherent vibrational sum‐frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) probing of molecular materials. SFG selectively monitors groups at surfaces and interfaces, providing a high degree spatial resolution. In initial self‐assembled monolayer long‐chain alkane molecules is studied, where sees only the methyl (−CH3) head groups. The plane just 1.5Å thick. Shock‐induced bending chain shock‐induced rotations around...

After the end of World War II, since surrender Japanese militarist Empire, Japan had political reform with help United States. It was beginning Japan's diplomatic normalization after militaristic diplomacy. Since new century, from “Follow America and give priority to economic development” “New capitalism realism diplomacy in era” foreign policy domestic coordination, strategy towards China has handled resoundingly on delicate relationship competition between a lot deep cooperation States,...