In regions such as Hawai'i, South Australia, Tasmania, Texas, and Ireland, power systems are commonly experiencing instantaneous penetration levels of inverter-based sources (IBPSs) wind, solar photovoltaics (PV), battery storage in excess 50-60% relative to system demands.

The global, rapid evolution of power systems introduces a wide array technologies that use electronics to interface with the grid. As generation portfolio changes, synchronous equipment traditionally provided services necessary for stable grid operation is being displaced by inverter-based resources (IBRs), such as wind, solar photovoltaic, and battery storage. In next few years, ever-growing dependence on IBRs, some areas will be operating, at least occasionally, 100% (or nearly 100%) IBRs...

This paper summarizes the work of Ad Hoc Task Force on Wind Generation Model Validation. The describes concept model validation, how this applies to wind turbine generation systems, and then gives clear examples most recent efforts achieve validation for power plants. document ends with a summary learning from presented conclusions which can be derived. Recommendations are made path forward generator modeling primarily focused generic models (i.e., standardized publicly available) stability...

The demand for low carbon energy calls close to 100% renewable power systems, with decarbonization of other sectors adding the anticipated paradigm shift. Rising levels variable inverter-based sources (VIBRES) are prompting questions about how such systems will be planned and operated when generation becomes dominant technology. Here, we examine implications this shift respect planning, operation system stability, also addressing need integration vectors, including heat, transport...

This article is a reprint from J. Matevosyan et al., "Grid-Forming Inverters: Are They the Key for High Renewable Penetration?," in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 89-98, Nov.-Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2019.2933072. Please access original on Xplore.

A current challenge faced by the electric utility industry is to determine how variable generation plants (wind and solar) should contribute reliable operation of grid, especially as penetration these resources continues its upward trend. Traditionally, bulk system voltage regulation has predominately been supplied synchronous generators, this reflected in language requirements. Where concerned requirements are vague unclear. The technology used capable providing support, but will require a...

As power systems evolve to become reliant on solar, wind, batteries, and other inverter-based resources (IBRs), it is essential that those meet certain minimum performance capability criteria designed ensure the system operates stably reliably. Because criteria, as enshrined in interconnection standards, take years develop are very long lived, they need account for not only present state of but also its expected future over lifetime plants which will apply. In addition, be specific enough...

Grid integration of wind power plants is complicated by variability and the technical characteristics generators. The generation mix evolving in today's system as conventional coal reach end their useful lives are being displaced cleaner technology such gas. At high levels penetration, need for ancillary services increases, while traditional resources that provide those may become less available or economically feasible. Developing plant controls allow performance more like presents...

In large interconnected power grids, it is incumbent on each generating plant to do its fair share in maintaining the security and reliability of grid. The ability a continue operation after grid disturbance governed by 1) generator recover voltage remain synchronism with (i.e., transient stability) 2) turbine auxiliary systems during fault ride-through capability).

The real-time models of offshore wind turbine generators complied with industry standards are presented in this paper. developed provide essential capabilities for future electromagnetic transient controls and testing farms, such as low-voltage ride-through, active/reactive power support, current limiting. Furthermore, the proposed an additional capability controlling negative sequence current, which meets requirements protecting farm systems. This paper presents average-value detailed...

In order to reliably operate the bulk electric grid generators are expected meet certain reactive power requirements depending on system they in. past were tailored capabilities of synchronous generators. Variable such as wind and solar plants in small enough relative entire that not required supply voltage support grid. As penetration renewable resources have grown beyond insignificance, it is now trend variable connected transmission subtransmission grids should be provide support. The...

GE Energy has an ongoing effort dedicated to the development of models wind turbine generators (WTG) suitable for representing plants in system impact studies. This paper documents present recommendations dynamic modeling using either Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generators (DFAG) or Full Conversion (FC) technology. includes GE's 1.5 and 1.6 MW, as well 2.5 2.75 MW WTGs. The presents both overall model structure validation results non-generic equipment models. assumptions, capabilities...

At high levels of wind power penetration, multiple plants may be the predominant generation resource over large geographic areas. Thus, not only do need to provide a level functionality, they must coordinate properly with each other. This paper describes analysis and field testing plant voltage controllers designed improve system performance through passive coordination. The described controls can real reactive response turbines thereby make function as single "grid friendly" source. For...

Our electrical world is changing. The journey we are on today parallels the era of Edison, Tesla, and Westinghouse in early race for electrification. Change abounds: energy from nature, inverter-based technology, smart smarter grids; decentralized power, intercontinental interconnection. This new age offers choices challenges, all heavily influenced by practices that evolved over past century institutionalized standards, interconnection requirements, grid codes, technical regulatory...

The need for accurate dynamic models of wind plants grid planning studies is increasing as penetration power increases. Furthermore, the ultimate objective a moving target. As increases, codes are evolving to include more rigorous performance requirements, which in turn lead sophisticated control functions and characteristics turbines plants. Since equipment continuously evolving, there an ongoing update validate plant models. This paper discusses field tests results from operating turbine...

This paper summarizes the work of ad hoc Task Force on wind generation model validation. The describes concept validation, how this applies to turbine systems and then gives clear examples most recent efforts achieve validation for power plants. document ends with a summary learning from presented conclusions which can be derived. Recommendations are made path forward generator modeling primarily focused generic models (i.e. standardized publicly available) stability analysis in system studies.

There has been recent political pressure to develop and incorporate a higher percentage of renewable generation resources in today's demanding bulk power system. A result this push for energy is the advancement wind farm control technology. We are seeing greater numbers large farms being built on land off shore around world. This work addresses some challenges (with proposed solutions) common throughout industry today.

Most of the inverter-based resources (IBRs) that are connected to grid today categorized as “grid-following” (GFL) systems. GFL IBR converter control approach requires an important share synchronous generation in system operate stably. Industry trends show more frequent conditions with fewer machines committed and higher penetration IBRs. These operating pose increasing fast dynamics stability risks bulk system. A number mitigations being considered address these concerns. One them is “grid...

The real-time models of offshore wind turbines are proposed in this study, which developed compliance with the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) standard to meet industry requirements. In addition basic functionalities generic WECC turbine model such as power curtailment and voltage ride through, sequence current control limit designed for future electromagnetic transient (EMT) testing farms. Both average-value switching detailed modeled Opal-RT simulator. balanced unbalanced...

This paper discusses whether changes to wind turbine versions, quantities, or upgrades will affect the process leading up an LGIA (Large Generator Interconnection Agreement), similar modifications implemented after a plant developer has completed and signed require reevaluation of system impact study (SIS).This provides background information followed by quantitative examples help facilitate this discussion. Quantitative here are based on 1.5MW turbines, but applicable any alterations that...