There is an increasing interest and research effort focused on the analysis, design implementation of distributed control systems for AC, DC hybrid AC / microgrids. It claimed that controllers have several advantages over centralised schemes, e.g., improved reliability, flexibility, controllability, black start operation, robustness to failure in communication links, etc. In this work, overview state-of-the-art cooperative isolated microgrids presented. Protocols such as linear consensus,...

A distributed control system is proposed which uses the Conservative Power Theory (CPT) and a consensus algorithm to share imbalance harmonics between different converters in three-phase four-wire droop-controlled Microgrids (MGs). The CPT used identify balanced, unbalanced distorted components of currents powers system. Control loops based on virtual impedance implemented stationary a-b-c frame are then distribute these various MG. magnitudes impedances adaptively calculated using novel...

Distributed control of modular multilevel converter (MMC) submodules (SMs) offers several potential benefits such as flexibility, scalability, and modularity. In this approach, low-level tasks, capacitor voltage balancing, can be distributed amongst controllers placed in the SMs. This decreases computational burden for central system that performs high-level tasks; also, a single point failure is avoided. architecture requires cyber-physical network (CFN) through which local share all...

Four-wire microgrids (MGs) and distribution systems are inherently unbalanced with the presence of negative zero sequence components in voltages currents. In small autonomous systems, imbalance, addition to harmonic distortion produced by nonlinear loads, can significantly affect power quality, loadability, stability system. Furthermore, isolated networks significant generation from intermittent renewable energy sources, stiffness system is reduced this could amplify effects imbalance on...

Collaborative control of power converters operating in microgrids with unbalanced single-phase loads is difficult to achieve, considering that the voltages and currents have positive-, negative-, zero-sequence components. In this paper, a new scheme for collaborative four-leg proposed. The main advantage proposed methodology simplicity, because sharing powers produced by voltage simple achieve using easy implement well-known droop algorithms, i.e., as those based on <inline-formula...

This paper proposes a distributed predictive secondary control strategy to share imbalance in three-phase, three-wire isolated AC Microgrids. The is based on novel approach where the sharing among generators controlled through of single-phase reactive power. main characteristic proposed methodology inclusion an objective function and dynamic models as constraints formulation. controller relies local measurements information from neighboring generators, it performs desired action constrained...

In three-phase unbalanced systems, where the circulation of zero sequence current is necessary, four-leg converters provide a neutral connection for single-phase or other loads typically utilized in distribution systems. addition, control magnitude and phase zero-sequence voltage and/or are also achieved using power converters. However, even when have become very important several fields as instance, microgrids aerospace applications, comprehensive review converter topologies, methods,...

Microgrids have become an alternative for integrating distributed generation to supply energy isolated communities, so their control and optimal management are important. This research designs simulates the three levels of a DC microgrid operating in mode proposes Energy Management System (EMS) based on Model Predictive Control (MPC), with real-time measurement feedback dispatch, which ensures power flow distribution operation at minimum cost while extending lifespan BESS. The EMS can react...

Implementing control schemes for modular multilevel converters (M2Cs) involves both a cyber and physical level, leading to cyber-physical system (CPS). At the communication network enables data exchange between sensors, platforms, monitoring systems. Meanwhile, at semiconductor devices that comprise M2C are switched <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> / xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</small> by system. In...

This article presents a novel scheme based on distributed model-based predictive control for the secondary level of hybrid ac/dc microgrids (MGs). Prediction models droop and power-transfer equations are proposed to characterize generators in both ac dc sub-MGs, whereas power balance constraints used predict behavior interlinking converters. The operational (such as powers action limits) included all formulations. Experimental results validate following cases: 1) load changes, working within...

Hybrid AC/DC microgrids (H-MGs) are a prominent solution for integrating distributed generation and modern AC DC loads. However, controlling these systems is challenging as multiple electrical variables need to be controlled coordinated. To provide flexibility the control system, can regulated specific values or within secure bands. This paper proposes set of model predictive schemes secondary level certain other pre-defined bands into H-MGs. Specifically, optimal dispatch active reactive...

This work presents a photovoltaic greenhouse’s design and performance evaluation as an energy hub in modern agriculture that integrates battery storage, electric vehicle charging station, non-controlled loads. The greenhouse roof comprises 48 semi-transparent panels with nominal transparency of 20% 110 W capacity. control the was approached optimization problem aim minimizing purchased from grid. simulation results indicate system is capable balancing power transactions within microgrid,...

A cooperative control scheme based on the conservative power theory (CPT) is proposed, which can share imbalances in three-phase four-wire droop-controlled systems. By utilizing CPT, balanced, unbalanced, and distorted components of currents powers a microgrid be identified. Using loops virtual impedances implemented stationary a-b-c frame, harmonics are shared between different four-leg inverters microgrid. secondary loop to regulate maximum voltage imbalance/distortion at point common...

A distributed control strategy is proposed to share unbalanced currents in three-phase three-wire isolated AC Microgrids (MGs). It based on a novel approach where, rather than analysing the MG as system, it analysed three single-phase subsystems. The proposal uses modified $Q-E$ droop scheme where two additional secondary actions are introduced per phase. first action performs voltage regulation, while second one achieves sharing of negative sequence current components between 3-legs power...

Nowadays, electric vehicles such as cars and bicycles are increasing their popularity due to the rising environmental consciousness. The autonomy required by these means of transport has marked a significant steady growth in development battery technologies. In this sense, it is crucial estimate prognosticate critical parameters packs State Charge (SOC), Maximum Power Available (SoMPA), Failure Time. All indicators relevant determine if both energy stored power specifications sufficient...

This paper proposes a low-complexity small signal model for 3-leg converter connected to balanced three-phase, three-wire weak grid and synchronised this using PLL implemented in synchronous rotating d-q axis. A thorough analysis of the system stability as function bandwidth short circuit ratio (SCR) is performed based on linearised model. By proposed model, an improved design process commonly used dq-PLL that accounts potential issues which may occur grids. Using approach, it possible...

Recent developments in dc powered technologies have increased interest highly efficient dc-dc converters, especially at high voltage and high-step ratios. Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are an attractive alternative approach to this demand because they can manage medium voltages while using standard semiconductor devices with efficiency if employ soft-switching techniques. However, the latest techniques require resonant circuits, limiting their operation. This article proposes a new...

In this review article, we will explore the recent advancements in field of distributed control modular multilevel cascaded converters (MMCCs), highlighting key challenges and opportunities area. The article delve into various strategies that have been proposed evaluate their performance different scenarios, considering three main aspects: 1) MMCC voltage power level, 2) topology being considered [e.g., matrix converter (M3C) hexverter], 3) application drive applications, static synchronous...

An improved distributed control strategy for imbalance and harmonic sharing in 4-leg droop controlled power converters 3-phase 4-wire isolated Microgrids is presented this letter. The proposed scheme improves a previous one by some of the authors letter sense that both negative zero current sequence components are independently controlled. A numerical comparison between method [1] shows that, studied case, powers shared among using are: 1638 VA, 2309 1760 2610 VA 1344 (these unequally...

This paper proposes a robust reference current extraction method useful for active power filters (APFs) connected to the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) grid addressing quality issues. Hence, it is essential investigate and develop better APF harmonic compensating control algorithms that can eliminate impact of harmonics emerging from nonlinear loads MEA grid. The proposed envisages half-cycle moving window discrete Fourier transform filter approach rapidly extract fundamental positive sequence...

Cascaded H-bridge converters are widely used in the implementation of medium voltage static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). This is because advantages relatively high-power density and improved utilisation low-voltage semiconductor devices. Major concerns with this topology (i) to ensure a proper balance individual DC capacitor its cells, (ii) balancing average between clusters. In research literature, these issues typically addressed by using centralised control approaches, meaning...