Abstract Children's understanding of properties the earth was investigated by interviewing Asian and white British classmates aged 4−8 years ( N = 167). Two issues were explored: whether they held mental models Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992 ) or instead had fragmented knowledge di Sessa, 1988 ); influence children's different cultural backgrounds. Children selected from a set plastic answered forced‐choice questions. Using this methodology, there no significant differences in overall...

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influences on 4-8 year-olds' and adults' moral judgments. In both, participants told stories from previous studies that had indicated children's judgments are largely outcome-based. Building recent research in which one change these studies' methods resulted substantially more intention-based judgment, Experiment 1 (N = 75) salience recency of intention information increased, 2 99) carefulness (i.e., absence negligence) was also added. both...

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relative influence of agents' negligence and their actions' unintended outcomes on moral judgements. In Study 1, 343 participants asked in an online questionnaire about a driver whose level negligence, severity outcome, varied systematically. Each judged how much punishment blame deserved, rated her causal responsibility, intentionality. 2, 341 completed same questionnaire, also driver's wrongness outcome's severity. both studies, judgements...

Investigation of children's knowledge the Earth can reveal much about origins, content and structure scientific knowledge, processes conceptual change development. Vosniadou Brewer (1992, claim that children construct coherent mental models a flat, flattened, or hollow based on framework theory intuitive constraints flatness support. To examine this account, 62 children, aged 5–10 years, 31 adults ranked 16 pictures according to how well they were thought represent Earth. Even young showed...

This study explored B ritish and P akistani 4‐ to 7‐year‐olds’ ( N = 188) understanding of death. The aim was examine possible influences on the acquisition subcomponents death concept by investigating how they are understood children different ages cultural religious backgrounds. Three groups were compared: White M uslim living in L ondon, rural akistan. In line with previous research S laughter, 2005, A ust . sychol ., 40(3), 179), irreversibility one first be acquired, while causality...

There is now convincing evidence that childhood maltreatment associated with youth offending; however, relatively little known about the characteristics and needs of those who are involved in both child protection justice systems, extent to which these might differ according level involvement. This study reports 2,045 young people were under supervision secure custody or detention South Australia between 1995 2012 exposure system an Australian jurisdiction. Five groups offenders compared:...

The relative extent to which mothers and fathers administer physical punishment sheds light on family relationships, parental roles and, perhaps, the identity of potential abusers. In this study, British (n = 362) 103) randomly selected children from 366 two-parent families were interviewed. According self-reports, proportions who had used punishments similar, as frequencies with they them. About 50% more than smacked or hit their weekly often, whereas prone restrain push children. A...

Most research concerning the extent to which children are physically punished has focused on only one parent of each child. It fails, therefore, document degree which, within two-parent families, parents' punishments similar, and how both combine. As a result, important clinical question much physical punishment receive not been addressed. These issues were investigated by separately interviewing mothers fathers in 99 families. The interviews type, frequency severity parental punishments....

Studies of children's knowledge the Earth have led to very different conclusions: some appear show that children construct their own, non-scientific ‘theories’ (mental models) flat, hollow or dual Earth. Others indicate many young understanding spherical (scientific) Earth, and lacks coherence mental models. The reasons for these contrasting views were tested by interviewing French (N = 178) aged 5–11 years varying methods used in previous research, namely types questions (open...

Daly and Wilson report that rates of fatal assaults young children by stepfathers are over 100 times those genetic fathers, they explain the difference in evolutionary terms.Their study was replicated using updated homicide data, population data from three surveys.The risk to stepchildren approximately 16 children, were twice as likely kill beating.However, when father's age controlled for, cohabiting fathers six times.Above 4 years, at no greater than children.Children primarily both do not...

Investigation of children's understanding the earth can reveal much about origins and development scientific knowledge. Vosniadou Brewer (1992) claim that children construct coherent, theory‐like mental models earth. However, more recent research has indicated knowledge is fragmented incoherent. By testing influence question type (open vs. forced‐choice questions) medium (drawings 3‐D models) on responses 6‐year‐olds ( N =59), this study investigated whether, how, methodological differences...

When children are asked to draw the Earth they often produce intriguing pictures in which, for example, people seem be standing on a flat disc or inside hollow sphere. These drawings, and children's answers questions, have been interpreted as indicating that construct naïve, theory‐like mental models of (e.g. Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992 ). However, recent studies using different methods found little no evidence these models, report many young some scientific knowledge Earth. To examine...

This article reviews the literature that compares extent to which mothers and fathers administer physical punishment perpetrate abuse. Studies used similar methods usually show fair agreement, but some significant inconsistencies occur when different sources of information have been used. There is general agreement physically punish their children extents. The picture regarding severe or abusive actions less clear. Most parental self-report studies indicate are at least as likely be...

The relationship between ADHD-in particular hyperactivity-and criminal behavior is well documented. current study investigated the role of criminogenic cognitions in explanation this by examining which symptoms ADHD are associated with cognitions. Community-recruited adults (N = 192) completed self-report questionnaires for and Symptoms inattention were consistently strongly related to In particular, was significantly cutoff, cognitive indolence, discontinuity. There also evidence that...

Investigation of children's understanding the earth provides important insights into origins knowledge, structure their concepts, and development scientific ideas. Vosniadou & Brewer (1992 Vosniadou, S. Brewer, W. 1992. Mental models earth: A study conceptual change in childhood. Cognitive Psychology, 24: 535–585. [Crossref], [Web Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) proposed that, under influence intuitive constraints observations, children form naïve but coherent mental for example they believe...

Vosniadou and Brewer (1992) claim that children's drawings answers to questions show they have naïve, theory‐like ‘mental models’ of the earth; for example, believe it be flat, or hollow with people inside. However, recent studies used different methods found little no evidence these misconceptions. The contrasting accounts, possible reasons inconsistent findings, were tested by giving adults ( N =484) either original task (designed 5‐year olds) a new version in which same drawing...

A community sample of nearly 500 parents was interviewed in order to examine the relative extent physical punishment children one- and two-parent homes. Lone mothers' use punishments compared first with partnered second combination fathers' mothers were considerably more disadvantaged than yet did not punish their frequently or severely. Among poor mental health, those partners reported having used severe punishments. Inclusion showed that lone punished less severely who had two parents,...

Children's understanding of social rules and authority was investigated by asking 4-9 year-olds (N = 129) about stories in which the status (adult or child) rule inventors, transgressors, changers varied. The were conventions invented adults children, cultural conventions, morals. Judgments transgressions and, particular, alterations, influenced as well domain: Children considered alterations children less permissible than adults, adult-invented alterable child-invented conventions....