So far, many studies have examined the effects of surface (FF) and drip (DF) fertigation compared to (FC) (DC) irrigation along with fertilization at different levels fertilizer on crop yield indices, nutrient use efficiency (NUE), water productivity (WP); however, each them been conducted under conditions. Because scattered results lack a general conclusion from published results, conducting meta-analysis as structured method for arriving an overall regarding methods indices is essential....

Given graph G =( V, E), a dominating set S is subset of vertex V such that any not in adjacent to at least one S. The domination number the minimum size sets G. In this paper we study some results on number, connected, independent, total and restrained denoted by γ(G), γc(G ), γi(G), γt(G) γr(G) respectively Jahangir graphs J2,m.

Abstract The deployment of artificial structures in streambeds has been proposed as a way to enhance 21 hyporheic exchange, and numerical models can be used quantify their effects. In this study, combinations different structures—that is, boxes, steps new type subsurface structure (L‐shaped structure)—were considered evaluate potential applicability on river restoration. Flow‐3D COMSOL were applied simulate surface flow, respectively. performance the was evaluated basis flow residence time...

The closed neighborhood N G [v] of a vertex v in graph is the set consisting and all vertices v. Let f be function on V(G), G, into {-1, 1}. If ∑ u∈N[v] f(u) ≤ 1 for then called signed bad G. maximum values v∈V(G) f(v), taking over functions number denoted by β s (G). In this paper, we establish some upper bounds numbers general graphs. addition, determine (G), when complete graph, cycle or path.

Since rice is one of the most important strategic plants for country's economy and people north Iran regions.On other hand, problem soil salinity in some paddy fields there Caspian Sea region due to being located areas with saline water table at a very low depth.Therefore, it necessary study possibility production presence shallow saline; because coastal Mazandaran province big that threatens cultivation this region.Research was conducted 2018 using large lysimeter Climate Research Center...

The movement of solutes in soil is crucial due to their potential cause and groundwater pollution. In this study, a mathematical model based on the Advection Dispersion Equation (ADE) was developed evaluate solutions for solute transport. This equation enabled us attain relationship concentrations at different locations times, also known as breakthrough curve. Five columns (5 cm diameter 30 height) types were prepared check validity results. An evaluation calculated relations showed high...

Abstract The assessment of sprinkler system performance is crucial in ensuring the efficient use water resources. commonly used indicators uniformity distribution systems are Christiansen's (CU) and (DU) coefficients. A more comprehensive analysis essential situations where reliability these coefficients as patterns limited. In present research, maps depth were prepared from application profiles using catch cans experiments that carried out research farm Agriculture Natural Resources Faculty...

Let be a simple graph with vertex set and edge . have at least vertices of degree , where are positive integers. A function is said to signed -edge cover if for The value taking over all covers called the number denoted by In this paper we give some bounds on graphs.

Abstract Let G = (V, E) be a graph of order n and size m. The open neighborhood N(v) vertex v ∈ V is the set all vertices adjacent to v. Its closed N[v] ∪ {v}. A signed (total) dominating function on G, f : → {−1, 1} such that ∑ x∈N[v] (x) ≥ 1 (∑ x∈N(v) 1) for each V. weight ω(f) v∈V (v). minimum taken over denoted by γ s (G)(γ st (G)), called domination number G. In paper, we give bounds Laplacian spectrum involving total numbers.

Let $1 \leq k n$ be a positive integer. A {\em nonnegative signed $k$-subdominating function} is function $f:V(G) \rightarrow \{-1,1\}$ satisfying $\sum_{u\in N_G[v]}f(u) \geq 0$ for at least $k$ vertices $v$ of $G$. The value $\min\sum_{v\in V(G)} f(v)$, taking over all functions $f$ $G$, called the $k$-subdomination number} $G$ and denoted by $\gamma^{NN}_{ks}(G)$. When $k=|V(G)|$, $\gamma^{NN}_{ks}(G)=\gamma^{NN}_s(G)$ domination number}, introduced in \cite{HLFZ}. In this paper, we...

Let 1≤k≤n be a positive integer. A nonnegative signed k-subdominating function is f:V(G)→{−1,1} satisfying ∑u∈NG[v]f(u)≥0 for at least k vertices v of G. The value min∑v∈V(G)f(v), taking over all functions f G, called the k-subdomination number G and denoted by γksNN(G). If k=|V(G)|, then γksNN(G)=γsNN(G) domination number, introduced in Huang et al. (2013) . In this paper, we obtain several sharp lower bounds γsNN(G), which extend some known on γsNN(G).We also initiate study graphs...

Let G = ( V , E ) be a graph. The function f : → {−1, 1} is signed dominating if for every vertex v ∈ ), ∑ x N [ ] )≥1. value of ω called the weight . domination number minimum In this paper, we initiate study numbers Mycielski graphs and find some upper bounds parameter. We also calculate graph when underlying star, wheel, fan, Dutch windmill, cycle, path or complete bipartite

The purpose of soil management is maximizing the supply water and nutrients to plant minimizes erosion, improve fertility physical conditions. Using in-site harvesting methods reduces runoff from area increases stored in profile. Rainwater not a new concept, but it requires combination native with modern knowledge. Because used technology was inappropriate for special conditions region, some projects have been unsuccessful or even led loss whole crop. suitability an rain depends on its...